SOCI 1000 EXAM 2025

SOCI 1000 EXAM 2025 Social differentiation - -Process by which we are set apart for differential treatment based on status, role, and other social characteristics Social inequality - -condition under which we have unequal access to resources such as wealth, prestige and power Social stratification - -form of inequality based on our access to the scarce but valued resources of society Slave system stratification - -2: category of free people and category who are legal property of others Caste system of stratification - -- rank is hereditary and permanent - marriage between members of different categories is prohibited Estate system stratification - -centered on monopoly of power and ownership of land Class system stratification - -achieved statuses are principal means of ranking Wealth - -a person's or family's total economic assets Power - -ability to realize one's will, even against opposition or resistance Prestige - -respect and admiration people attach to social positions Reputational method - -socially ranking the members of a community Subjective method - -locating oneself on the social scale Objective method - -ranking individuals by more effective, objective means such as socioeconomic status Socioeconomic status - -ranking that combines income, occupational prestige, education and neighborhood to define social class Upper class - -- about 5% of population, but make more than 22% of income - greatest wealth - disproportionate influence over political, educational and other institutions - dominate corporate America Upper middle class - -- 15% of population - corporate executives, professionals, white collar management, doctors, lawyers, ect. SOCI 1000 SOCI 1000 - income of 150k or more - the elite Lower middle class - -- 33% of population -hold many values of upper middle class but lack resources to emanate their lifestyle - less autonomy/decision making power in their jobs Working class - -- 30% of population - includes blue collar, factory, and clerical workers - income under 50k - subject to layoffs, long term unemployment - "one pay check away" Lower class - -- 14% of population - includes the "poor" - working poor - less than 27 weeks per year and earn less than the federal poverty level Absolute poverty - -being below the minimum level of subsistence and unable to function as members of society Relative poverty - -lack of resources relative to others and the overall standards of society Societies' cultural beliefs and values often reinforce ___________ - -the inequalities of stratification Class is a powerful predictor of __________ - -life outcomes Parents - -We take on not only their values, but lifestyle and standing as well. Your parents' position in the social structure is your starting point. Occupation - -Some positions are more noble (Like teaching)and should be done for the love of sharing knowledge, not for money. Yet businessmen are esteemed highly if they are financially successful. Upward mobility - -Moving to a higher class level. The American"rags to riches" story. Examples include getting a degree, andgetting a promotion at work. Downward mobility - -Moving to a lower class level. Examples include losing a job, business failure, or dropping out of school. Intergenerational mobility - -A shift, up or down, in social class from one generation to the next. SOCI 1000 SOCI 1000 Intragenerational mobility - -A shift, up or down, in social class between members of the same generation. Structural mobility - -Changes in the social structure that "recategorize" groups from one class to another. A change in society at large rather than individuals. Davis and moore hypothesis - -1. Inequality is created by needs of system 2. Some positions are more important to society and require more training and skills 3. Differential reward motivates people to fill important jobs Interactionist perspective - -We use symbols to differentiate ourselves from those in other classes People's appearance reflects their perceived social standing. Housing, clothing, and transportation indicate social status, as do hairstyles, taste in accessories, and personal style. Veblen - -Wealth becomes prestige through conspicuous consumption Double jeopardy - -being disadvantaged or stigmatized because of more than one social characteristic Karl Marx on stratification - --all history is the history of class conflict -class defined by place in economic system -ruling class controls means of production -economic system is foundation of the society Superstructure is rest of society's institutions -the superstructure supports the position of the old ruling class. Conflict theory inequality - -- stratification about how things are distributed - conflict theory is about people trying to get things that benefit them - social rewards tend to be distributed to individuals on the basis of social categories assigned to the individual - socially undesirable things are found disproportionately among people at the bottom of the social ladder - social life is a constant battle between individuals and groups, each seeking to maximize their interests According to Marx, History = - -class struggle where elites gain most benefits High income nations - -- advanced industrial economies and high living standards - mostly in northern hemisphere Middle income nations - -- newly industrialized and moderate wealth and living standards - Latin American countries, Middle Eastern countries, Pacific rim(South Korea) SOCI 1000 SOCI 1000 Low income nations - -- poor, agrarian economies least likely to benefit from participation in global economy Ex. Pakistan, Bangladesh Modernization theory - -- global development is a process in which advanced nations help poor nations advance - modernization generally leads to a shift in values from absolute (religious/traditional) to more rational ( reflecting dominance of science and beauacracy ) Colonialism - conflict perspective - -economic and political system that allows the powerful to exploit the weak Dependency theory - -rich nations keep poor nations from advancing through dependency relationships World system theory - -nations are all part of a worldwide division of labor - Colonial powers created a world economic system that enriched the core nations at the expense of the periphery - core: first and second worlds - Europe and most of North America - semi periphery: developing nations like South Korea - periphery: most of the third world Trade dependency - -industrial nations purchase raw materials from former colonies at low prices and process them at home Industrial dependency - -corporations manufacture goods in factories located primarily in southern hemisphere, taking advantage of cheap labor, low taxes and lax regulations Investment dependency - -world bank members (wealth nations) lend to developing nations. These nations have to use much of their export earnings to service debts as high as $100-$130 Billion. This leads to widespread poverty and suffering Integration thesis - -A variant of modernization theory; Development results infemale liberation and sexual equality as women become more centrally involvedin economic and political life Marginalization thesis - -As capitalist development occurs, women are marginalized and face reduced access to resources and constrained productive roles; women become increasingly excluded from production roles to the private sphere of the home losing in the process their control over resources and becoming more economically dependent on men Exploitation thesis - -Women become a low-wage source of labor for capitalists as development occurs; Modernization results in the creation of a low-paid female labor force. Women become more central to industrial production (particularly in the position of service) but are exploited because they are seen as a second class labor force. SOCI 1000 SOCI 1000 Transnational corporations - -corporations that own companies and search for profits all over the globe Global assembly line - -production is distributed to wherever goods and labor are cheapest Outsourcing - -paying another company to provide services which a company might otherwise have employed by it's own staff to perform Off shoring - -defined as relocation of business processes to another country, especially overseas Positives and negatives of overseas production - -Positives: Creates employment in foreign countries Reduced production cost Benefits felt by US consumers Negatives: Child Labor Exploitation Loss of employment in the U.S. Critical race theory - -An intellectual movement and a framework of legal analysis according to which (1) race is a culturally invented category used to oppress people of color and (2) the law and legal institutions in the United States are inherently racist insofar as they function to create and maintain social, political, and economic inequalities between white and nonwhite people. Idealists see racism as - -racism and discrimination as social constructs - A matter of attitude. Realists/economic determinists see racism as - -a way of establishing status and privilege. Racism started with slavery. No negative attitudes towards Africans before that. Materialists - -Colonizers demonize the people of the lands they conquer to relieve the guilt of exploiting them. Whites extended civil rights because they gained from it. Tools of thought and the dilemma of law reform - -law structured in such a way as to self-replicate and change slowly Emphatic fallacy - -Hate speech is not always perceived as such. Many negative images are embedded in our culture, supporting the speech. SOCI 1000 SOCI 1000 Serving two masters - -Derrick Bell's law example, where a lawyer and their client might have different goals in the same lawsuit What CRT is not - -1. Make any race superior to others 2. Encourage division, rather explains it 3. Demand to be taught in K through 12, but true, accurate history should be taught 4. Require that, according to Rep. Jim Banks (R-Indiana), our national institutions be "destroyed from the ground up". But any social change does result in changes in those institutions. Examples - Women's right to vote in the 1920s as well as the changes brought about in the 1960sand 1970s Biological race - -a population that differs from others in the frequency of certain hereditary traits Race - -categories of people set apart from others because of socially defined physical characteristics - race is a social construct • Not biologically identifiable • Previous racial categories were arbitrarily assigned, based on false unscientific beliefs, and used to justify racist attitudes and actions Ethnicity - -The shared culture of a group• Includes traditions, language, and religion Basic qualities of racial/ethnic minority group - -1. Identifiability 2. Membership based on ascription 3. Group awareness 4. Differential power 5. Differential and unequal treatment Stereotype - -oversimplified generalizations about groups of people Prejudice - -preconceived judgements about a category of people - positive prejudice toward own group dominant group - negative prejudice toward minority groups Racism is the most _______ form of prejudice - -potent Frustration aggression hypothesis - -when people's goals and desires are blocked, they redirect their frustration onto others Scapegoat - -dominant group tends to displace blame for their problems on the subordinate/minority group Ehtnocentrism - -judging another's culture by your own. Leads to believing other culture is inferior SOCI 1000 SOCI 1000 Personal discrimination - -attacks on minority group member. Can range from insult to bodily violence Legal discrimination - -Laws enacted to deny member of minoritygroups access to goods of society (Jobs, housing, etc.) De jurediscrimination Institutional discrimination - -Unequal treatment of groups that is embedded into social institutions. De facto discrimination Racial steering - -Where real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race • Otherwise known as "red lining" - Drawing a red line around "undesirable" areas on a map • Even after the Fair Housing Act (1968) banned de jure discrimination, de facto still persists Cultural pluralism - -when groups cooperate but retain identities and lifestyles. Characterized by mutual respect of each culture for other cultures Assimilation - -minorities lose identities and conform to dominant society De jure segregation - -Established by law. Think of the "jimcrow" laws, and Plessey v. Ferguson, which established "separate but equal" as constitutional. Legalized discrimination. The 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case ruled that separate was not equal, ending de jure segregation in America De facto segregation - -Based on sociocultural factors beyond law. This cannot be done away with by law or court rulings. It is a learned social construct Unprejudiced nondiscriminator - -Adhere to values of equality for all. Notprejudiced, do not discriminate (All-weather liberals) Unprejudiced discriminators - -Free of prejudice but may discriminate if in their interest (Fair-weather liberals) Prejudiced nondiscriminators - -Prejudiced but don't discriminate due to fear of consequences (Fair-weather bigots) Prejudiced discriminators - -Do not believe in equality for all, and discriminate against racial and ethnic minorities (All-weather bigots) Split labor market - -economic situation in which two groups of workers will do the same work for different wages Sex - -the biological distinction between females and males SOCI 1000 SOCI 1000 Gender - -Cultural understanding of what constitutes masculinity and femininity in a society Primary sex characteristics - -Biological factors, such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs, that distinguish males from females Secondary sex characteristics - -Physical differences between males and females, including facial and body hair, musculature, and bone structure, that are unrelated to reproduction. Cisgender - -individuals whose gender identity matches his or her biological sex Transgender - -individuals whose gender identity differs from the sex of their birth Transsexual - -individuals who have undergone surgery to change their biological sex Essentialists on gender - -Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed .• Essentialists believe chromosomes, hormones, and genitalia determine identity, and that culture plays no role Gender binary - -A system of classification with only two distinct and opposite gender categories Constructionists and gender - -Those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a binary system is just one possibility among many. • Most sociologists use a constructionist approach and see sex, gender, and sexuality as social constructs. • Constructionists believe gender is created through interactions with others in society Androgyny - -a blending of masculine and feminine attributes Gender nonconforming - -Term when gender identity and/or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles. • Trans individuals are one group of gender-nonconforming people. Nonbinary - -Individuals who do not identify as exclusively men or women or identify as both, somewhere in between, or outside of such categories altogether Instrumental role - -The position of the family member who provides material support, often an authority figure Expressive role - -The position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing. SOCI 1000 SOCI 1000 Gender role socialization - -The lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through four major agents of socialization - Family, schools, peers, and media Heteronormativity - -The belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm Patriarchy - -A form of social organization in which males dominate females The second shift - -women work outside the home and still maintain primary responsibility for housework and children in the evenings Pink collar occupations - -relatively low-paying, non manual, semiskilled positions primarily held by women Gender tracking - -separate career ladders for men and women, limiting earning and career availability Glass ceiling - -The point where women are blocked from moving up the corporate ladder • Glass wall: Prohibits women's lateral movement and the ability to obtain skills necessary to move horizontally Global feminism - -The forward movement of women's rights on a global scale. Using different historical lenses from the legacy of colonialism, Global Feminists adopt global causes and start movements which seek to dismantle what they argue are the currently predominant structures of global patriarchy Feminization of poverty - -The economic trend that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part to the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing cost of childcare What is a family? - -Two or more people who are related by blood, marriage, or adoption or are part of a relationship in which there is commitment, mutual aid and support, and, often, a shared residence Family of orientation - -the family in which a person grows up Family of marriage or procreation - -the family that a person forms at his or her marriage Consanguineal - -kinship characterized by the sharing of common ancestors Affinal - -related through marriage Fictive - -forms of kinship or social ties that are based on neither consanguineal (blood ties) nor affinal ("by marriage") ties SOCI 1000 SOCI 1000 Bilineal - -blood links and rights of inheritance through both male and female ancestors are of equal importance Patrilineal - -blood links and rights of inheritance through male ancestors Matrilineal - -blood links and rights of inheritance through female ancestors Nuclear family - -Mother, father and children living as a unit Kinship group - -Network of people whose social relationships are based on common ancestry, marriage, adoption, and/or affiliation Fictive kin - -Family-like relationships that are not based on blood or marriage but on close friendship ties. Exogamy - -marriage between people of different social categories Endogamy - -marriage between people of the same social category Serial monogamy - -A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time. Polyandry - -a form of marriage in which women have more than one husband Polygyny - -a form of marriage in which men have more than one wife Patrilocal - -Living with or near the husband's family Neolocal - -couple resides in a new location separate from either side of their family Matrilocal - -living with or near the wife's family Functions of the family - -• Defining and limiting sexual access • Reproducing new members • Socializing new members • Care of the young and the elderly • Providing emotional support • Providing ascribed statuses Symbolic interactionism and marriage - -Focus on "negotiating meanings" in marriage and families. Bernard (1982):Men and women have differing views on marriage. Also, definitions can change over the family's life-cycle, and in the larger society over time Social exchange of marriage - -Norms of reciprocity guide marital exchanges • Symmetrical: Exchanged goods are roughly the same • Complimentary: Exchanged goods are different, but of equal value SOCI 1000 SOCI 1000 Marriage squeeze - -Oversupply of women associated with high rates of singlehood and divorce. Oversupply of men associated with higher rates of marriage and lower ages for first marriages Proinquity - -The physical or psychological proximity between people. Propinquity can mean physical proximity, a kinship between people, or a similarity in nature between things Homogamy - -marriage between people with the same social characteristics Heterogamy - -marriage between people with differing social characteristics Factors associated with divorce - -• Greater social acceptance of divorce • More liberal divorce laws • Fewer children • Greater family income • More opportunities for women • Impact of Divorce on Children Divorce's ripple effect on children - -- clinical depressio