hospice care play an essential role in providing physical, emotional, and spiritual support for patients and their families.Symptom Management: Nurses in palliative care work closely with patients
to manage symptoms such as pain, nausea, and shortness of breath. They often collaborate with physicians, social workers, and chaplains to provide holistic care.Advance Directives and Ethical
Considerations: Nurses help patients and families navigate decisions about end-of-life care, including advance directives, do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders, and other ethical considerations related to
life-sustaining treatment.________________________________________Information Technology (Continued)Digital Transformation and IT IntegrationAs businesses continue to adapt to the digital
age, integrating IT systems and technologies is critical to ensuring efficient operations and staying competitive.Enterprise Integration: Many businesses now employ enterprise resource planning
(ERP) systems to integrate key functions like finance, HR, supply chain management, and customer relations. ERPs help ensure smooth data flow across departments and increase operational
efficiency.System Interoperability: Interoperability refers to the ability of different IT systems to communicate and exchange data seamlessly. In industries like healthcare, financial services, and
government, system interoperability is critical for improving service delivery, reducing redundancy, and enhancing decision-making.Cybersecurity in the Age of Digital TransformationAs
businesses increase their digital presence, the risk of cyber threats continues to rise. Cybersecurity is a priority for organizations seeking to protect their data, networks, and users from malicious
attacks.Data Encryption: Data encryption is a critical security measure that ensures sensitive information is unreadable by unauthorized individuals. This is especially important when handling
personal, financial, or medical data.Zero-Day Vulnerabilities: These are flaws in software that are unknown to the vendor and thus unpatched, leaving systems vulnerable to cyberattacks.
Cybersecurity experts work to identify and mitigate these vulnerabilities as quickly as possible.Incident Response: When a security breach occurs, an incident response plan is crucial to minimize
damage. This includes identifying the threat, containing the breach, assessing the impact, and communicating with affected stakeholders.The Future of IT with Quantum ComputingQuantum
computing is an emerging field with the potential to revolutionize industries by solving problems too complex for traditional computers to address.Quantum Algorithms: These are algorithms
Test Bank For
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology, 11th Edition Constance G. Visovsky & Cheryl H.
Zambroski & Shirley M. Hosler
Chapter 1-23
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
UNIT I GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Chapter 1 Pharmacology and the Nursing Process in LPN Practice
Chapter 2 Legal, Regulatory, and Ethical Aspects of Drug Administration
Chapter 3 Principles of Pharmacology
UNIT II PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
Chapter 4 Drug Calculation: Preparing and Giving Drugs
UNIT III DRUG CATEGORIES
Chapter 5 Drugs for Bacterial Infections
Chapter 6 Drugs for Tuberculosis, Fungal, and Parasitic Infections
Chapter 7 Drugs for Viral and Retroviral Infections
Chapter 8 Drugs for Allergy and Respiratory Problems
Chapter 9 Drugs Affecting the Renal/Urinary and Cardiovascular Systems
Chapter 10 Drugs for Central Nervous System Problems
Chapter 11 Drugs for Mental Health
Chapter 12 Drugs for Analgesia and Anesthesia
Chapter 13 Drugs for Inflammation, Arthritis, and Gout
Chapter 14 Drugs for Gastrointestinal Problems
Chapter 15 Drugs for Immunization and Immunomodulation
Chapter 16 Drugs Affecting the Hematologic System
Chapter 17 Drugs for Cancer Treatment
Chapter 18 Drugs for Reproductive Health
Chapter 19 Drugs for Thyroid and Adrenal Problems
Chapter 20 Drug Therapy for Diabetes
Chapter 21 Drugs for Osteoporosis
Chapter 22 Drugs for Eye and Ear Problems
Chapter 23 Over-the-Counter Drug Therapyuse of financial information for planning, control, and
process financial data. These systems help businesses maintain accurate financial records, generate reports, and support decision-making.ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning): ERP systems integrate various business
functions, including accounting, supply chain, human resources, and inventory management. Popular ERPs include SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft Dynamics.Automation and AI in Accounting: Automation is increasingly being
used in accounting to perform repetitive tasks like data entry and reconciliations. AI and machine learning algorithms can help detect fraud, automate financial forecasting, and improve audit
processes.________________________________________Nursing (Continued)Nursing Education and Advanced PracticeNurses continue their professional development through various educational paths, from associate
degrees to advanced practice roles that require further education and specialization.Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP): This advanced degree focuses on the application of research to clinical practice. DNP nurses often hold
leadership roles and may specialize in fields such as nurse anesthesia, nurse education, or healthcare policy.Nurse Practitioners (NPs): NPs are advanced practice registered nurses who diagnose and treat medical conditions,
prescribe medications, and provide comprehensive care. They often work in primary care and can serve as primary care providers in underserved areas.Continuing Education: Lifelong learning is crucial in nursing due to the
rapid advancements in medical science, technology, and patient care practices. Nurses must stay current with new treatment protocols, technologies, and regulatory changes.Patient-Centered CarePatient-centered care
emphasizes treating the whole person, considering not only their medical needs but also their psychological, emotional, and social needs. It focuses on building a partnership between patients, families, and healthcare teams to
improve patient outcomes.Holistic Care: Holistic care includes addressing a patient’s physical, emotional, spiritual, and social well-being. Nurses play a central role in providing this type of care by building trust and
maintaining open communication with patients.Care Coordination: Nurses often serve as care coordinators, ensuring patients receive the necessary services across different healthcare settings. They ensure timely follow-ups,
provide patient education, and assist in navigating the healthcare system.Nursing InformaticsNursing informatics is the use of information technology to improve patient care and nursing practice. This includes using
electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine, and data analytics to enhance patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.EHR Implementation: The use of electronic health records has become standard in healthcare
,settings, allowing for the efficient management of patient data, improving communication, and reducing errors.Telehealth and Virtual Care: Telehealth enables healthcare providers to deliver services remotely, making it more
accessible for patients in rural or underserved areas. Nurses often conduct virtual assessments, follow-up consultations, and patient education.Public Health NursingPublic health nursing focuses on promoting and protecting
the health of populations, rather than individual patient care. Public health nurses work in community settings, schools, and public health agencies, addressing health disparities and promoting health education.Epidemiology:
Public health nurses work with epidemiologists to track disease outbreaks and implement preventive measures. They are crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases through immunizations, education, and
outreach.Community Health Initiatives: Public health nurses may run programs on maternal and child health, mental health awareness, smoking cessation, and
more.________________________________________Information Technology (Continued)Cloud Computing and Its ImpactCloud computing has revolutionized the
Chapter 01: Pharmacology and the Nursing Process in LPN Practice
Visovsky: Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology, 11th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The LPN is collecting data for the early assessment of a patient upon admission to a
long-term care facility before giving the patient‘s set drugs. Which action should the LPN
consider to be the highest priority?
a. Obtain any special equipment that will be needed to give the patient‘s drug.
b. Monitor the patient for a response to the drug given.
c. Collect data about the patient and the patient‘s health condition.
d. Review the nursing care plan to verify that it is accurate.
ANS: C
Collecting and documenting data about the patient and the patient‘s health condition is a
critical step before any drugs are given. Information regarding the present illness, any signs
and symptoms, review of medical records, drug history, and vital signs are needed before
drugs are given. Deciding on special equipment that will be needed to give the patient‘s drug
is part of the planning phase of the nursing process. Monitoring the patient for his response to
given drug is part of the evaluation stage of the nursing process. Reviewing the nursing care
plan to verify that it is being followed accurately is part of the implementation stage of the
nursing process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying REF: p. 2
2. The LPN is working with a patient in the planning stage of the nursing process related to the
patient‘s prescribed drugs. Which action should the LPN take during this stage?
a. Develop a nursing goal to plan the procedures needed to give drug.
b. Develop a teaching plan for the patient regarding the drug‘s actions.
c. Determine that the patient is experiencing the expected response to his drug.
d. Determine how much the patient understands about his drug.
ANS: D
Determining how much the patient understands about his drug is part of the diagnosis phase of
the nursing process. Developing a nursing goal to plan the procedures needed to give drug and
developing a teaching plan for the patient regarding the drug‘s actions are part of the planning
phase of the nursing process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying REF: p. 2
software systems that support the delivery of IT services. Key components include:1. **Hardware**: Physical devices such as computers, servers, and networking equipment.2. **Software**: Applications and
programs used to perform specific tasks, such as word processing, database management, and communication.3. **Networks**: The interconnected systems of communication, such as the internet, LANs, and VPNs.4.
**Data Storage**: Systems for storing and managing data, such as cloud storage and on-premise servers.**Software Development** Software development is a core IT discipline that involves designing, coding,
testing, and maintaining applications. Key areas in software development include:- **Web Development**: Creating applications for the internet using languages like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and back-end
technologies like PHP or Python.- **Mobile App Development**: Creating applications for smartphones and tablets using tools like Swift (for iOS) and Kotlin (for Android).- **Database Management**: Designing
and managing databases that store vast amounts of information, using systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL, or MongoDB.- **Game Development**: The creation of video games using engines like Unity or Unreal
Engine.**Cybersecurity** With the growing dependence on digital systems, cybersecurity has become critical. Cybersecurity involves protecting IT systems from unauthorized access, attacks, and data breaches. Key
cybersecurity concepts include:- **Firewalls**: Devices or software that block unauthorized access to networks.- **Encryption**: Converting data into a secure format to protect privacy.- **Authentication**:
Verifying the identity of users and devices.- **Intrusion Detection Systems**: Tools that monitor networks for potential security threats.**Cloud Computing** Cloud computing refers to the delivery of IT services
via the internet, rather than on local servers. It offers businesses the ability to scale services and reduce costs. Common cloud models include:- **Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)**: Provides virtualized computing
resources over the internet.- **Platform as a Service (PaaS)**: Provides a platform that allows developers to build applications without managing the underlying infrastructure.- **Software as a Service (SaaS)**:
Provides software applications over the internet, such as Google Drive or Microsoft Office 365.**Emerging IT Trends** As technology continues to advance, the IT industry is experiencing significant changes. Some
emerging trends include:- **Artificial Intelligence (AI)**: The development of machines that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.- **Blockchain**: A decentralized and
, 3. You are teaching a patient with depression about the potential adverse effects of a prescribed
drug. What part of the nursing process related to drug therapy are you engaging in at this point
of the teaching plan?
a. Assessment
b. Implementation
c. Evaluation
d. Diagnosis
ANS: C
In the evaluation phase of the nursing process, the LPN understands and teaches to the patient
the drug‘s therapeutic effects, expected side effects, and potential adverse effects.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 2
4. Which of the following is an example of subjective data?
a. The patient states she has pain in her left arm.
b. The medical chart has a recorded blood pressure of 128/88.
c. The serum potassium level is 3.8 mmol/L.
d. The patient‘s ECG shows normal sinus rhythm.
ANS: A
Reports from the patient or patient‘s caregiver are considered subjective data. Symptoms such
as pain, nausea, or dizziness are examples of symptoms that cannot be ―seen‖ and are data
collected from the patient, caregiver, or others. Laboratory values, ECG results, or vital sign
data from a medical chart are examples of objective data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 2
InnovationEntrepreneurship refers to the process of creating, developing, and running a new business. Entrepreneurs often identify opportunities in the marketplace, develop a business plan, secure funding, and bring
their ideas to fruition. Innovation is a key component of entrepreneurship. It involves creating new products, services, or processes that improve efficiency or provide unique value to customers. Companies like Apple,
Amazon, and Tesla are examples of organizations driven by entrepreneurial spirit and innovation.Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: A supportive network of individuals, institutions, and resources that foster
entrepreneurship, including incubators, accelerators, venture capitalists, and government policies.Business Startups: Startups are businesses in their early stages of development. They often rely on securing initial
funding, attracting a customer base, and scaling operations. Common sources of startup funding include venture capital, angel investors, crowdfunding, and bootstrapping.Business Growth: Growth is a critical goal for
most businesses. Companies pursue growth by expanding product lines, entering new markets, acquiring competitors, or increasing sales through marketing efforts.Globalization and International
BusinessGlobalization refers to the integration of markets across the world, driven by advancements in
5. Which statement provides an example of objective data?
a. The wife states the patient was confused last night.
b. Grimacing with movement is present during the examination.
c. The patient reports moderate alcohol consumption.
d. The patient states pain is severe.
ANS: B
Measurable data obtained during a physical exam such as grimacing with movement is an
example of objective data. Subjective data includes information presented by the patient or
family that cannot be substantiated such as a wife‘s report of a patient‘s confusion, patient
report of degree of alcohol consumption, and a patient‘s pain rating.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 3
accounting involves investigating financial discrepancies, fraud, and illegal activities within businesses. Forensic accountants work closely with law enforcement agencies, legal professionals, and companies to
uncover financial misconduct, and they often testify in court as expert witnesses.________________________________________Nursing (Continued)Nursing Leadership and ManagementLeadership in nursing is
critical for ensuring high-quality care and promoting a positive work environment. Nurse leaders are responsible for managing teams, coordinating patient care, and supporting the professional development of staff.
Leadership skills are essential for nurses in all roles, especially for those in management positions.Nurse Manager: A nurse manager is responsible for overseeing a specific unit or department. They handle staffing,
budgeting, and ensuring that patient care meets standards.Clinical Leadership: Clinical leaders guide healthcare teams in delivering the best patient care. They mentor junior nurses, implement evidence-based
practices, and drive quality improvement initiatives.Team Collaboration: Effective nursing teams require collaboration between nurses, physicians, social workers, physical therapists, and other healthcare professionals
to deliver comprehensive care to patients.Nursing ResearchNursing research is the systematic investigation into the effectiveness of nursing practices, treatments, and patient care strategies. The goal is to improve
patient outcomes and contribute to the development of the nursing profession.Evidence-Based Practice (EBP): EBP involves integrating the best available research with clinical expertise and patient preferences to
make informed decisions about patient care.Clinical Trials: Nurses often participate in clinical trials to test new treatments, medications, and medical devices. Their role in data collection, patient care, and monitoring
outcomes is critical for advancing medical science.Healthcare Policy and AdvocacyNurses are at the forefront of healthcare policy discussions, advocating for improved healthcare access, patient rights, and public
health. They play a vital role in shaping policies that affect patient care at the local, state, and national levels.Nursing Advocacy: Nurses advocate for patients, ensuring that their voices are heard and that they receive
the best possible care. This may involve communicating with physicians, policymakers, and community organizations.Healthcare Reforms: Nurses actively
, 6. The LPN/VN is assessing a patient before giving a drug for blood pressure management. The
nurse notes the blood pressure to be 90/50 mm Hg. What is the nurse‘s best action?
a. Hold the drug and report the blood pressure to the RN.
b. Give the patient a full glass of water before giving the drug.
c. Come back in 30 minutes and recheck the blood pressure.
d. Have the patient perform pursed lip breathing before giving the drug.
ANS: A
The best action is to hold the drug and contact the RN. The patient may need an adjustment to
the dose of the blood pressure drug or switching to another drug. Giving water with the drug
is not contraindicated but does not recognize the patient‘s risk for hypotension. Pursed lip
breathing has no role in this situation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 4
7. The LPN is collecting objective data for inclusion in the nursing assessment. Which piece of
information indicates that the LPN has a clear understanding of objective assessment data?
a. A patient‘s rating of chest pain as 8 on a 1 to 10 scale.
b. Family members report that patient has been experiencing pain for 1 month.
c. Detailed history of the patient‘s current illness upon admission.
d. Compilation of past laboratory results and x-ray reports.
ANS: D
The patient‘s past laboratory and x-ray results are examples of objective data. A pain rating of
8/10, a family member‘s description of the patient‘s pain, and history of current illness are
examples of subjective data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 3
8. A patient recently began a taking blood pressure drug and presents for a follow-up
appointment. The office nurse reviews the patient‘s daily blood pressure recordings. Which
stage of the nursing process corresponds to this review?
a. Assessment
b. Planning
c. Diagnosis
d. Evaluation
ANS: D
The evaluation phase involves examining the results that occur when the plan is implemented.
Reviewing the patient‘s daily blood pressure recording examines the patient‘s response to the
drug. The assessment phase provides initial information about the patient, the problem, and
anything that may change the choice of treatment. The planning phase involves using patient
assessment data and diagnoses to set goals and write care plans. The diagnosis phase involves
decision-making about the patient‘s problems, including medical diagnoses made by the
healthcare provider and nursing diagnoses developed through the North American Nursing
Diagnosis Association (NANDA).
of data to uncover patterns, trends, and insights that can inform business decisions. The advent of big data – vast amounts of structured and unstructured data – has revolutionized many industries, including
healthcare, finance, marketing, and sports.Predictive Analytics: Uses historical data and statistical algorithms to forecast future trends. For example, businesses can use predictive analytics to anticipate
customer behavior.Data Visualization: The graphical representation of data to make complex information easier to understand. Tools like Tableau and Power BI are commonly used for data
visualization.Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI): A subset of data analytics where machines learn from data without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning algorithms are used to
predict outcomes, automate processes, and optimize decisions.Blockchain and CryptocurrenciesBlockchain technology provides a decentralized and secure way to store and transfer data. It is best known for
its use in cryptocurrency transactions but has applications in areas like supply chain management, healthcare, and voting systems.Blockchain for Business: Blockchain enables transparent and immutable
record-keeping, making it ideal for applications like tracking goods in a supply chain or securing digital identities.Cryptocurrency: Digital or virtual currencies that use cryptography for security. Bitcoin,
Ethereum, and other cryptocurrencies have become widely known as alternative forms of currency.IT Governance and ComplianceIT governance refers to the policies,
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 2
to manage symptoms such as pain, nausea, and shortness of breath. They often collaborate with physicians, social workers, and chaplains to provide holistic care.Advance Directives and Ethical
Considerations: Nurses help patients and families navigate decisions about end-of-life care, including advance directives, do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders, and other ethical considerations related to
life-sustaining treatment.________________________________________Information Technology (Continued)Digital Transformation and IT IntegrationAs businesses continue to adapt to the digital
age, integrating IT systems and technologies is critical to ensuring efficient operations and staying competitive.Enterprise Integration: Many businesses now employ enterprise resource planning
(ERP) systems to integrate key functions like finance, HR, supply chain management, and customer relations. ERPs help ensure smooth data flow across departments and increase operational
efficiency.System Interoperability: Interoperability refers to the ability of different IT systems to communicate and exchange data seamlessly. In industries like healthcare, financial services, and
government, system interoperability is critical for improving service delivery, reducing redundancy, and enhancing decision-making.Cybersecurity in the Age of Digital TransformationAs
businesses increase their digital presence, the risk of cyber threats continues to rise. Cybersecurity is a priority for organizations seeking to protect their data, networks, and users from malicious
attacks.Data Encryption: Data encryption is a critical security measure that ensures sensitive information is unreadable by unauthorized individuals. This is especially important when handling
personal, financial, or medical data.Zero-Day Vulnerabilities: These are flaws in software that are unknown to the vendor and thus unpatched, leaving systems vulnerable to cyberattacks.
Cybersecurity experts work to identify and mitigate these vulnerabilities as quickly as possible.Incident Response: When a security breach occurs, an incident response plan is crucial to minimize
damage. This includes identifying the threat, containing the breach, assessing the impact, and communicating with affected stakeholders.The Future of IT with Quantum ComputingQuantum
computing is an emerging field with the potential to revolutionize industries by solving problems too complex for traditional computers to address.Quantum Algorithms: These are algorithms
Test Bank For
Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology, 11th Edition Constance G. Visovsky & Cheryl H.
Zambroski & Shirley M. Hosler
Chapter 1-23
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
UNIT I GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Chapter 1 Pharmacology and the Nursing Process in LPN Practice
Chapter 2 Legal, Regulatory, and Ethical Aspects of Drug Administration
Chapter 3 Principles of Pharmacology
UNIT II PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
Chapter 4 Drug Calculation: Preparing and Giving Drugs
UNIT III DRUG CATEGORIES
Chapter 5 Drugs for Bacterial Infections
Chapter 6 Drugs for Tuberculosis, Fungal, and Parasitic Infections
Chapter 7 Drugs for Viral and Retroviral Infections
Chapter 8 Drugs for Allergy and Respiratory Problems
Chapter 9 Drugs Affecting the Renal/Urinary and Cardiovascular Systems
Chapter 10 Drugs for Central Nervous System Problems
Chapter 11 Drugs for Mental Health
Chapter 12 Drugs for Analgesia and Anesthesia
Chapter 13 Drugs for Inflammation, Arthritis, and Gout
Chapter 14 Drugs for Gastrointestinal Problems
Chapter 15 Drugs for Immunization and Immunomodulation
Chapter 16 Drugs Affecting the Hematologic System
Chapter 17 Drugs for Cancer Treatment
Chapter 18 Drugs for Reproductive Health
Chapter 19 Drugs for Thyroid and Adrenal Problems
Chapter 20 Drug Therapy for Diabetes
Chapter 21 Drugs for Osteoporosis
Chapter 22 Drugs for Eye and Ear Problems
Chapter 23 Over-the-Counter Drug Therapyuse of financial information for planning, control, and
process financial data. These systems help businesses maintain accurate financial records, generate reports, and support decision-making.ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning): ERP systems integrate various business
functions, including accounting, supply chain, human resources, and inventory management. Popular ERPs include SAP, Oracle, and Microsoft Dynamics.Automation and AI in Accounting: Automation is increasingly being
used in accounting to perform repetitive tasks like data entry and reconciliations. AI and machine learning algorithms can help detect fraud, automate financial forecasting, and improve audit
processes.________________________________________Nursing (Continued)Nursing Education and Advanced PracticeNurses continue their professional development through various educational paths, from associate
degrees to advanced practice roles that require further education and specialization.Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP): This advanced degree focuses on the application of research to clinical practice. DNP nurses often hold
leadership roles and may specialize in fields such as nurse anesthesia, nurse education, or healthcare policy.Nurse Practitioners (NPs): NPs are advanced practice registered nurses who diagnose and treat medical conditions,
prescribe medications, and provide comprehensive care. They often work in primary care and can serve as primary care providers in underserved areas.Continuing Education: Lifelong learning is crucial in nursing due to the
rapid advancements in medical science, technology, and patient care practices. Nurses must stay current with new treatment protocols, technologies, and regulatory changes.Patient-Centered CarePatient-centered care
emphasizes treating the whole person, considering not only their medical needs but also their psychological, emotional, and social needs. It focuses on building a partnership between patients, families, and healthcare teams to
improve patient outcomes.Holistic Care: Holistic care includes addressing a patient’s physical, emotional, spiritual, and social well-being. Nurses play a central role in providing this type of care by building trust and
maintaining open communication with patients.Care Coordination: Nurses often serve as care coordinators, ensuring patients receive the necessary services across different healthcare settings. They ensure timely follow-ups,
provide patient education, and assist in navigating the healthcare system.Nursing InformaticsNursing informatics is the use of information technology to improve patient care and nursing practice. This includes using
electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine, and data analytics to enhance patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.EHR Implementation: The use of electronic health records has become standard in healthcare
,settings, allowing for the efficient management of patient data, improving communication, and reducing errors.Telehealth and Virtual Care: Telehealth enables healthcare providers to deliver services remotely, making it more
accessible for patients in rural or underserved areas. Nurses often conduct virtual assessments, follow-up consultations, and patient education.Public Health NursingPublic health nursing focuses on promoting and protecting
the health of populations, rather than individual patient care. Public health nurses work in community settings, schools, and public health agencies, addressing health disparities and promoting health education.Epidemiology:
Public health nurses work with epidemiologists to track disease outbreaks and implement preventive measures. They are crucial in preventing the spread of infectious diseases through immunizations, education, and
outreach.Community Health Initiatives: Public health nurses may run programs on maternal and child health, mental health awareness, smoking cessation, and
more.________________________________________Information Technology (Continued)Cloud Computing and Its ImpactCloud computing has revolutionized the
Chapter 01: Pharmacology and the Nursing Process in LPN Practice
Visovsky: Introduction to Clinical Pharmacology, 11th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The LPN is collecting data for the early assessment of a patient upon admission to a
long-term care facility before giving the patient‘s set drugs. Which action should the LPN
consider to be the highest priority?
a. Obtain any special equipment that will be needed to give the patient‘s drug.
b. Monitor the patient for a response to the drug given.
c. Collect data about the patient and the patient‘s health condition.
d. Review the nursing care plan to verify that it is accurate.
ANS: C
Collecting and documenting data about the patient and the patient‘s health condition is a
critical step before any drugs are given. Information regarding the present illness, any signs
and symptoms, review of medical records, drug history, and vital signs are needed before
drugs are given. Deciding on special equipment that will be needed to give the patient‘s drug
is part of the planning phase of the nursing process. Monitoring the patient for his response to
given drug is part of the evaluation stage of the nursing process. Reviewing the nursing care
plan to verify that it is being followed accurately is part of the implementation stage of the
nursing process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying REF: p. 2
2. The LPN is working with a patient in the planning stage of the nursing process related to the
patient‘s prescribed drugs. Which action should the LPN take during this stage?
a. Develop a nursing goal to plan the procedures needed to give drug.
b. Develop a teaching plan for the patient regarding the drug‘s actions.
c. Determine that the patient is experiencing the expected response to his drug.
d. Determine how much the patient understands about his drug.
ANS: D
Determining how much the patient understands about his drug is part of the diagnosis phase of
the nursing process. Developing a nursing goal to plan the procedures needed to give drug and
developing a teaching plan for the patient regarding the drug‘s actions are part of the planning
phase of the nursing process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying REF: p. 2
software systems that support the delivery of IT services. Key components include:1. **Hardware**: Physical devices such as computers, servers, and networking equipment.2. **Software**: Applications and
programs used to perform specific tasks, such as word processing, database management, and communication.3. **Networks**: The interconnected systems of communication, such as the internet, LANs, and VPNs.4.
**Data Storage**: Systems for storing and managing data, such as cloud storage and on-premise servers.**Software Development** Software development is a core IT discipline that involves designing, coding,
testing, and maintaining applications. Key areas in software development include:- **Web Development**: Creating applications for the internet using languages like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and back-end
technologies like PHP or Python.- **Mobile App Development**: Creating applications for smartphones and tablets using tools like Swift (for iOS) and Kotlin (for Android).- **Database Management**: Designing
and managing databases that store vast amounts of information, using systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL, or MongoDB.- **Game Development**: The creation of video games using engines like Unity or Unreal
Engine.**Cybersecurity** With the growing dependence on digital systems, cybersecurity has become critical. Cybersecurity involves protecting IT systems from unauthorized access, attacks, and data breaches. Key
cybersecurity concepts include:- **Firewalls**: Devices or software that block unauthorized access to networks.- **Encryption**: Converting data into a secure format to protect privacy.- **Authentication**:
Verifying the identity of users and devices.- **Intrusion Detection Systems**: Tools that monitor networks for potential security threats.**Cloud Computing** Cloud computing refers to the delivery of IT services
via the internet, rather than on local servers. It offers businesses the ability to scale services and reduce costs. Common cloud models include:- **Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)**: Provides virtualized computing
resources over the internet.- **Platform as a Service (PaaS)**: Provides a platform that allows developers to build applications without managing the underlying infrastructure.- **Software as a Service (SaaS)**:
Provides software applications over the internet, such as Google Drive or Microsoft Office 365.**Emerging IT Trends** As technology continues to advance, the IT industry is experiencing significant changes. Some
emerging trends include:- **Artificial Intelligence (AI)**: The development of machines that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.- **Blockchain**: A decentralized and
, 3. You are teaching a patient with depression about the potential adverse effects of a prescribed
drug. What part of the nursing process related to drug therapy are you engaging in at this point
of the teaching plan?
a. Assessment
b. Implementation
c. Evaluation
d. Diagnosis
ANS: C
In the evaluation phase of the nursing process, the LPN understands and teaches to the patient
the drug‘s therapeutic effects, expected side effects, and potential adverse effects.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 2
4. Which of the following is an example of subjective data?
a. The patient states she has pain in her left arm.
b. The medical chart has a recorded blood pressure of 128/88.
c. The serum potassium level is 3.8 mmol/L.
d. The patient‘s ECG shows normal sinus rhythm.
ANS: A
Reports from the patient or patient‘s caregiver are considered subjective data. Symptoms such
as pain, nausea, or dizziness are examples of symptoms that cannot be ―seen‖ and are data
collected from the patient, caregiver, or others. Laboratory values, ECG results, or vital sign
data from a medical chart are examples of objective data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 2
InnovationEntrepreneurship refers to the process of creating, developing, and running a new business. Entrepreneurs often identify opportunities in the marketplace, develop a business plan, secure funding, and bring
their ideas to fruition. Innovation is a key component of entrepreneurship. It involves creating new products, services, or processes that improve efficiency or provide unique value to customers. Companies like Apple,
Amazon, and Tesla are examples of organizations driven by entrepreneurial spirit and innovation.Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: A supportive network of individuals, institutions, and resources that foster
entrepreneurship, including incubators, accelerators, venture capitalists, and government policies.Business Startups: Startups are businesses in their early stages of development. They often rely on securing initial
funding, attracting a customer base, and scaling operations. Common sources of startup funding include venture capital, angel investors, crowdfunding, and bootstrapping.Business Growth: Growth is a critical goal for
most businesses. Companies pursue growth by expanding product lines, entering new markets, acquiring competitors, or increasing sales through marketing efforts.Globalization and International
BusinessGlobalization refers to the integration of markets across the world, driven by advancements in
5. Which statement provides an example of objective data?
a. The wife states the patient was confused last night.
b. Grimacing with movement is present during the examination.
c. The patient reports moderate alcohol consumption.
d. The patient states pain is severe.
ANS: B
Measurable data obtained during a physical exam such as grimacing with movement is an
example of objective data. Subjective data includes information presented by the patient or
family that cannot be substantiated such as a wife‘s report of a patient‘s confusion, patient
report of degree of alcohol consumption, and a patient‘s pain rating.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 3
accounting involves investigating financial discrepancies, fraud, and illegal activities within businesses. Forensic accountants work closely with law enforcement agencies, legal professionals, and companies to
uncover financial misconduct, and they often testify in court as expert witnesses.________________________________________Nursing (Continued)Nursing Leadership and ManagementLeadership in nursing is
critical for ensuring high-quality care and promoting a positive work environment. Nurse leaders are responsible for managing teams, coordinating patient care, and supporting the professional development of staff.
Leadership skills are essential for nurses in all roles, especially for those in management positions.Nurse Manager: A nurse manager is responsible for overseeing a specific unit or department. They handle staffing,
budgeting, and ensuring that patient care meets standards.Clinical Leadership: Clinical leaders guide healthcare teams in delivering the best patient care. They mentor junior nurses, implement evidence-based
practices, and drive quality improvement initiatives.Team Collaboration: Effective nursing teams require collaboration between nurses, physicians, social workers, physical therapists, and other healthcare professionals
to deliver comprehensive care to patients.Nursing ResearchNursing research is the systematic investigation into the effectiveness of nursing practices, treatments, and patient care strategies. The goal is to improve
patient outcomes and contribute to the development of the nursing profession.Evidence-Based Practice (EBP): EBP involves integrating the best available research with clinical expertise and patient preferences to
make informed decisions about patient care.Clinical Trials: Nurses often participate in clinical trials to test new treatments, medications, and medical devices. Their role in data collection, patient care, and monitoring
outcomes is critical for advancing medical science.Healthcare Policy and AdvocacyNurses are at the forefront of healthcare policy discussions, advocating for improved healthcare access, patient rights, and public
health. They play a vital role in shaping policies that affect patient care at the local, state, and national levels.Nursing Advocacy: Nurses advocate for patients, ensuring that their voices are heard and that they receive
the best possible care. This may involve communicating with physicians, policymakers, and community organizations.Healthcare Reforms: Nurses actively
, 6. The LPN/VN is assessing a patient before giving a drug for blood pressure management. The
nurse notes the blood pressure to be 90/50 mm Hg. What is the nurse‘s best action?
a. Hold the drug and report the blood pressure to the RN.
b. Give the patient a full glass of water before giving the drug.
c. Come back in 30 minutes and recheck the blood pressure.
d. Have the patient perform pursed lip breathing before giving the drug.
ANS: A
The best action is to hold the drug and contact the RN. The patient may need an adjustment to
the dose of the blood pressure drug or switching to another drug. Giving water with the drug
is not contraindicated but does not recognize the patient‘s risk for hypotension. Pursed lip
breathing has no role in this situation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 4
7. The LPN is collecting objective data for inclusion in the nursing assessment. Which piece of
information indicates that the LPN has a clear understanding of objective assessment data?
a. A patient‘s rating of chest pain as 8 on a 1 to 10 scale.
b. Family members report that patient has been experiencing pain for 1 month.
c. Detailed history of the patient‘s current illness upon admission.
d. Compilation of past laboratory results and x-ray reports.
ANS: D
The patient‘s past laboratory and x-ray results are examples of objective data. A pain rating of
8/10, a family member‘s description of the patient‘s pain, and history of current illness are
examples of subjective data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 3
8. A patient recently began a taking blood pressure drug and presents for a follow-up
appointment. The office nurse reviews the patient‘s daily blood pressure recordings. Which
stage of the nursing process corresponds to this review?
a. Assessment
b. Planning
c. Diagnosis
d. Evaluation
ANS: D
The evaluation phase involves examining the results that occur when the plan is implemented.
Reviewing the patient‘s daily blood pressure recording examines the patient‘s response to the
drug. The assessment phase provides initial information about the patient, the problem, and
anything that may change the choice of treatment. The planning phase involves using patient
assessment data and diagnoses to set goals and write care plans. The diagnosis phase involves
decision-making about the patient‘s problems, including medical diagnoses made by the
healthcare provider and nursing diagnoses developed through the North American Nursing
Diagnosis Association (NANDA).
of data to uncover patterns, trends, and insights that can inform business decisions. The advent of big data – vast amounts of structured and unstructured data – has revolutionized many industries, including
healthcare, finance, marketing, and sports.Predictive Analytics: Uses historical data and statistical algorithms to forecast future trends. For example, businesses can use predictive analytics to anticipate
customer behavior.Data Visualization: The graphical representation of data to make complex information easier to understand. Tools like Tableau and Power BI are commonly used for data
visualization.Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI): A subset of data analytics where machines learn from data without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning algorithms are used to
predict outcomes, automate processes, and optimize decisions.Blockchain and CryptocurrenciesBlockchain technology provides a decentralized and secure way to store and transfer data. It is best known for
its use in cryptocurrency transactions but has applications in areas like supply chain management, healthcare, and voting systems.Blockchain for Business: Blockchain enables transparent and immutable
record-keeping, making it ideal for applications like tracking goods in a supply chain or securing digital identities.Cryptocurrency: Digital or virtual currencies that use cryptography for security. Bitcoin,
Ethereum, and other cryptocurrencies have become widely known as alternative forms of currency.IT Governance and ComplianceIT governance refers to the policies,
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 2
