HSC 4500 FINAL REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED
2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION ALL ANSWERS CORRECT DETAILED
BEST GRADED A+ FOR SUCCESS
Randomized controlled trial are experimental study designs while cohort and case control
studies are non-experimental. The challenges to the validity and biases of study designs are
external validity, sampling error, internal validity, and bias. Bias due cofounding is a challenge
that case control studies and cohort studies experience. Bias is due to susceptibility in
recollection about exposure and reverse causality. Also, because it can only examine a single or
limited set of outcomes. With RCT studies, trials can be time consuming and subject to sampling
errors due to inappropriate use of design that compromise with results. - CORRECT
ANSWERS Describe briefly the challenges to the validity and biases of study designs. How
do they challenge case-control studies, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials.
(ESSAY)
Internal validity- refers to the degree to which the study has used methodologically sound
procedures. Ex: Lab setting ensures high internal validity because external influences are
reduced.
External validity- refers to one's ability to generalize from the results of the study to an external
population. The lab environment has a low external validity because it is different from the
outside world that has external influencing factors. - CORRECT ANSWERS In a few lines,
compare and contrast internal validity and external validity. Be sure to define these terms and
give one example of each. (ESSAY)
Policy establishment - CORRECT ANSWERS Which term describes the formal adoption
of the policies, programs, and procedures that are designed to protect society from public
health hazards?
Risk - CORRECT ANSWERS The likelihood of experiencing an adverse effect is called a ?
Yes I do have smoke free bars in my community. Public health policies of the reason why this
law has developed. This law was first adopted in and now has spread throughout the world due
to the Health risk surrounding secondhand smoke. - CORRECT ANSWERS Do you have a
smoke-free bars law in your community? What considerations led to the development of such
laws in communities that have adopted them? What are three policy implications of smoke-free
bars laws? (ESSAY)
, HSC 4500 FINAL REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED
2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION ALL ANSWERS CORRECT DETAILED
BEST GRADED A+ FOR SUCCESS
Risk management consist of actions taken to control exposures to toxic chemicals in the
environment. This applies to the regulation of pesticides for home use because it could
potentially be poisonous depending on the strength and how often someone would be exposed
to the pesticide. The risk would have to be assessed in order to see fi it would be safe for home
usage. - CORRECT ANSWERS Explain what is meant by the risk management
component of risk assessment. From your own experience, discuss how risk management
applies to the regulation of pesticides for home use. ESSAY
The Tuskegee study was an unethical study done to investigate the severity of syphilis. Two
unethical violations that occurred were that the patients were unaware they were being tested
for such a long period of time, and when treatment was available it was not given to them. -
CORRECT ANSWERS Describe the Tuskegee study and discuss two ethical violations
that occurred. How might current ethics guidelines for epidemiologists reduce the possibility of
such violations? ESSAY
prepathogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS According to the natural history of disease
model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of
what?
Tertiary and secondary - both a and b. - CORRECT ANSWERS Which form of prevention
takes place after the precursors of disease interact with the host?
Mass screening (population screening) - CORRECT ANSWERS Which screening tests are
most appropriate for newborns?
Primary would be to be a safe driver, understand road laws, and be attentive on the road.
Secondary would be getting into a car crash and tertiary would be getting rehab and treatment
after the crash happens. - CORRECT ANSWERS Give one example each of primary,
secondary, and tertiary prevention of motor vehicle crashes among teenage drivers. (ESSAY).
2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION ALL ANSWERS CORRECT DETAILED
BEST GRADED A+ FOR SUCCESS
Randomized controlled trial are experimental study designs while cohort and case control
studies are non-experimental. The challenges to the validity and biases of study designs are
external validity, sampling error, internal validity, and bias. Bias due cofounding is a challenge
that case control studies and cohort studies experience. Bias is due to susceptibility in
recollection about exposure and reverse causality. Also, because it can only examine a single or
limited set of outcomes. With RCT studies, trials can be time consuming and subject to sampling
errors due to inappropriate use of design that compromise with results. - CORRECT
ANSWERS Describe briefly the challenges to the validity and biases of study designs. How
do they challenge case-control studies, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials.
(ESSAY)
Internal validity- refers to the degree to which the study has used methodologically sound
procedures. Ex: Lab setting ensures high internal validity because external influences are
reduced.
External validity- refers to one's ability to generalize from the results of the study to an external
population. The lab environment has a low external validity because it is different from the
outside world that has external influencing factors. - CORRECT ANSWERS In a few lines,
compare and contrast internal validity and external validity. Be sure to define these terms and
give one example of each. (ESSAY)
Policy establishment - CORRECT ANSWERS Which term describes the formal adoption
of the policies, programs, and procedures that are designed to protect society from public
health hazards?
Risk - CORRECT ANSWERS The likelihood of experiencing an adverse effect is called a ?
Yes I do have smoke free bars in my community. Public health policies of the reason why this
law has developed. This law was first adopted in and now has spread throughout the world due
to the Health risk surrounding secondhand smoke. - CORRECT ANSWERS Do you have a
smoke-free bars law in your community? What considerations led to the development of such
laws in communities that have adopted them? What are three policy implications of smoke-free
bars laws? (ESSAY)
, HSC 4500 FINAL REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED
2025/2026 A COMPLETE SOLUTION ALL ANSWERS CORRECT DETAILED
BEST GRADED A+ FOR SUCCESS
Risk management consist of actions taken to control exposures to toxic chemicals in the
environment. This applies to the regulation of pesticides for home use because it could
potentially be poisonous depending on the strength and how often someone would be exposed
to the pesticide. The risk would have to be assessed in order to see fi it would be safe for home
usage. - CORRECT ANSWERS Explain what is meant by the risk management
component of risk assessment. From your own experience, discuss how risk management
applies to the regulation of pesticides for home use. ESSAY
The Tuskegee study was an unethical study done to investigate the severity of syphilis. Two
unethical violations that occurred were that the patients were unaware they were being tested
for such a long period of time, and when treatment was available it was not given to them. -
CORRECT ANSWERS Describe the Tuskegee study and discuss two ethical violations
that occurred. How might current ethics guidelines for epidemiologists reduce the possibility of
such violations? ESSAY
prepathogenesis - CORRECT ANSWERS According to the natural history of disease
model, the time before the precursors of disease and the host interact is called the period of
what?
Tertiary and secondary - both a and b. - CORRECT ANSWERS Which form of prevention
takes place after the precursors of disease interact with the host?
Mass screening (population screening) - CORRECT ANSWERS Which screening tests are
most appropriate for newborns?
Primary would be to be a safe driver, understand road laws, and be attentive on the road.
Secondary would be getting into a car crash and tertiary would be getting rehab and treatment
after the crash happens. - CORRECT ANSWERS Give one example each of primary,
secondary, and tertiary prevention of motor vehicle crashes among teenage drivers. (ESSAY).
