NUR 205 LATEST NOTES 2025-2026 COVERING PER TOPIC
FOR GREAT PASSING MARKS
Active acquired immunity (active immunity) - correct answersremembers the pathogen
and acts more rapidly on subsequent exposure" and is produced by an individual either
after natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization.
Active Immunity (vaccines) - correct answersContracting and surviving an infectious
disease is the most effective means of developing lifelong immunity against a particular
pathogen. In general, vaccine-induced protection does not persist as long as infection-
induced immunity. The purpose of vaccination is to induce active immunologic
protection before exposure to the risks of debilitating or fatal infection. Even under
optimized protocols, vaccines are not completely protective. For every vaccine a small
percentage of recipients do not produce a protective immune response, referred to as
primary vaccine failure. Failure to induce an immune response: inactivated influenza
vaccine may only protect 30% to 40% of adults 65 or older. A recently approved, high-
dose injectable vaccine with four times the amount of influenza antigen is now
recommended for increased protection of adults 65 or older.
Acute Pericarditis - correct answersAcute inflammation of the pericardium.
a. Pericarditis can lead to pericardial effusion - fluid within pericardium
b. Effusion restricts cardiac contractions
c. Causes: viral, cancer, direct injury, post operative cardiac surgery
Adaptive immunity - correct answersCan be either active or passive, depending on
whether the antibodies or T cells are produced by the individual in response to antigen
or are administered directly.
AIDS - correct answersThe most notable form of secondary or acquired immune
deficiency caused by an infectious agent is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS).
AIDS is a viral disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
HIV infects and depletes a portion of the immune system (Th cells), making individuals
extremely susceptible to life-threatening infections and malignancies. Despite major
efforts by healthcare agencies around the world, HIV/AIDS remains the major cause of
worldwide morbidity and mortality.
Alteration of Pancreas - correct answersDiabetes Mellitus-Pancreatic disorder
, Type 1 - autoimmune - beta cells destroyed, absolute lack of insulin
Type 2 - insulin resistance - insulin not transporting glucose in to cells, decreasing beta
cell function with decreased insulin release
Alterations in Adrenal Function - correct answers1. Addison's disease - Decreased
ACTH and decreased cortisol and mineralocorticoid release from adrenal gland.
2. Cushing disease - Increased ACTH often due to pituitary adenoma causes increased
cortisol release from adrenal gland. Cushing's syndrome - due to long term
corticosteroids (exogenous cortisol).
Alterations of the Parathyroid Gland - correct answers1. Hypoparathyroidism.
Calcium and phosphate balance is regulated by: parathyroid hormone (PTH) -
· decreased calcium levels increase release of PTH
· increased calcium levels suppress secretion of PTH
2. Hyperparathyroidism causes increased osteoclast activity to liberate calcium from
bone. Intestinal tract increases calcium absorption to compensate and replace in bone.
Causes - renal calculi, weakened bones with pathologic fractures, calcification of heart
valves, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting,
Alterations of the Thyroid Gland - correct answers1. Hypothyroidism. Lower levels of
thyroid hormone result Causes in adults include autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto
disease), iatrogenic loss of thyroid tissue after surgical or radioactive treatment for
hyperthyroidism, head and neck radiation therapy, medications, and endemic iodine
deficiency. High TSH to stimulate thyroid to produce hormone, low T3 and T4 due to
thyroid dysfunction
2. Hyperthyroid Conditions - Graves Disease results from a form of type II
hypersensitivity in which there is stimulation of the thyroid by autoantibodies directed
against the TSH receptor. Increased stimulation of thyroid gland causes increased
thyroid hormone release and low TSH due to feedback from hormone level.
Anemia - correct answersa reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the
circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin.
FROM:
-Blood loss
-Hemolysis (RBC destruction)
-Decreased/impaired production
Anemia of Chronic Disease - correct answers1) decreased erythrocyte life span
(2) suppressed production of erythropoietin
FOR GREAT PASSING MARKS
Active acquired immunity (active immunity) - correct answersremembers the pathogen
and acts more rapidly on subsequent exposure" and is produced by an individual either
after natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization.
Active Immunity (vaccines) - correct answersContracting and surviving an infectious
disease is the most effective means of developing lifelong immunity against a particular
pathogen. In general, vaccine-induced protection does not persist as long as infection-
induced immunity. The purpose of vaccination is to induce active immunologic
protection before exposure to the risks of debilitating or fatal infection. Even under
optimized protocols, vaccines are not completely protective. For every vaccine a small
percentage of recipients do not produce a protective immune response, referred to as
primary vaccine failure. Failure to induce an immune response: inactivated influenza
vaccine may only protect 30% to 40% of adults 65 or older. A recently approved, high-
dose injectable vaccine with four times the amount of influenza antigen is now
recommended for increased protection of adults 65 or older.
Acute Pericarditis - correct answersAcute inflammation of the pericardium.
a. Pericarditis can lead to pericardial effusion - fluid within pericardium
b. Effusion restricts cardiac contractions
c. Causes: viral, cancer, direct injury, post operative cardiac surgery
Adaptive immunity - correct answersCan be either active or passive, depending on
whether the antibodies or T cells are produced by the individual in response to antigen
or are administered directly.
AIDS - correct answersThe most notable form of secondary or acquired immune
deficiency caused by an infectious agent is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS).
AIDS is a viral disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
HIV infects and depletes a portion of the immune system (Th cells), making individuals
extremely susceptible to life-threatening infections and malignancies. Despite major
efforts by healthcare agencies around the world, HIV/AIDS remains the major cause of
worldwide morbidity and mortality.
Alteration of Pancreas - correct answersDiabetes Mellitus-Pancreatic disorder
, Type 1 - autoimmune - beta cells destroyed, absolute lack of insulin
Type 2 - insulin resistance - insulin not transporting glucose in to cells, decreasing beta
cell function with decreased insulin release
Alterations in Adrenal Function - correct answers1. Addison's disease - Decreased
ACTH and decreased cortisol and mineralocorticoid release from adrenal gland.
2. Cushing disease - Increased ACTH often due to pituitary adenoma causes increased
cortisol release from adrenal gland. Cushing's syndrome - due to long term
corticosteroids (exogenous cortisol).
Alterations of the Parathyroid Gland - correct answers1. Hypoparathyroidism.
Calcium and phosphate balance is regulated by: parathyroid hormone (PTH) -
· decreased calcium levels increase release of PTH
· increased calcium levels suppress secretion of PTH
2. Hyperparathyroidism causes increased osteoclast activity to liberate calcium from
bone. Intestinal tract increases calcium absorption to compensate and replace in bone.
Causes - renal calculi, weakened bones with pathologic fractures, calcification of heart
valves, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting,
Alterations of the Thyroid Gland - correct answers1. Hypothyroidism. Lower levels of
thyroid hormone result Causes in adults include autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto
disease), iatrogenic loss of thyroid tissue after surgical or radioactive treatment for
hyperthyroidism, head and neck radiation therapy, medications, and endemic iodine
deficiency. High TSH to stimulate thyroid to produce hormone, low T3 and T4 due to
thyroid dysfunction
2. Hyperthyroid Conditions - Graves Disease results from a form of type II
hypersensitivity in which there is stimulation of the thyroid by autoantibodies directed
against the TSH receptor. Increased stimulation of thyroid gland causes increased
thyroid hormone release and low TSH due to feedback from hormone level.
Anemia - correct answersa reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the
circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin.
FROM:
-Blood loss
-Hemolysis (RBC destruction)
-Decreased/impaired production
Anemia of Chronic Disease - correct answers1) decreased erythrocyte life span
(2) suppressed production of erythropoietin
