Microbiology Chapter 3
Prokaryotes can be distinguished from eukaryotes by - (correct Answer) - The way their DNA is packaged
(lack of nucleus and histones) → Bacteria & Archaea have genetic material that is free inside the cell -
The makeup of their cell wall (peptidoglycan (Bacteria) and other unique chemicals (Archaea) providing
sturdy cell walls) - Their internal structure (lack of membrane bounded organelles)
All bacterial cells possess: - (correct Answer) - -cell membrane
-cytoplasm
-ribosomes
-cytoskeleton
-one (or a few) chromosomes
cell membrane - (correct Answer) - Surrounds cytoplasm
cytoplasm - (correct Answer) - Water-based solution filling cell
Ribosomes - (correct Answer) - Sites of protein synthesis
Cytoskeleton - (correct Answer) - Encircle cell inside cell membrane contributing to the shape of the cell
One (or a few) chromosome(s) - (correct Answer) - Composed of condensed DNA molecules
•Most bacterial cells possess - (correct Answer) - cell wall
glycocalyx (surface coating)
cell wall - (correct Answer) - Semirigid casing providing structural support
Surface coating called a glycocalyx - (correct Answer) - External to cell wall, serving protective, adhesive,
and receptor functions
Some but not all bacterial cells possess: - (correct Answer) - -flagella, pili, and fimbriae
-an outer membrane
-plasmids
-inclusions
-endospores
-intracellular membranes
Flagella, pili, and fimbriae - (correct Answer) - Provides for attachment, and motility
Outer membrane - (correct Answer) - External to cell wall, contains lipopolysaccharide
Plasmids - (correct Answer) - Double-stranded DNA circle containing extra genes
, Inclusions - (correct Answer) - Stored nutrient such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen
Endospores - (correct Answer) - Dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival
in adverse conditions
prokaryotic cell - (correct Answer) - A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-
enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
•Most prokaryotes (talking primarily about bacteria) exist as unicellular organisms - (correct Answer) -
Sometimes they can act as a group, in colonies or in biofilms (communicating with one another via
chemicals that cause the, to behave differently than if they were living singly) - Also capable of
communicating nanotubes or nanowires (appendages used for transferring electrons or other
substances)
On average, prokaryotic cells are - (correct Answer) - 1 mm (microns) - Can range from 0.05 -0.2 mm
("nanobes") to 750 mm
•Cells of one species may vary in shape and size - (correct Answer) - This is pleomorphism caused by
variations in cell wall structure
coccus (cocci) - (correct Answer) - berry-shaped bacteria/bacterium
rod/bacillus - (correct Answer) - cylindrical shaped bacteria
Vibrio - (correct Answer) - a curved, rod-shaped bacterial cell
Spirillum - (correct Answer) - Spiral-shaped bacterial cell (rigid)
Spirochetes - (correct Answer) - spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of
movement
branching filaments - (correct Answer) - a few bacteria produce multiple branches off of a basic rod
structure
Bacterial cells can also be categorized according to arrangement, or style of grouping. The greatest
variety in arrangement occurs in cocci: - (correct Answer) - Single -Pairs (diplococci) -Tetrads (groups of
four) -Sarcina (cubical packing of eight, sixteen, or more) -Irregular clusters
division in one plane of cocci - (correct Answer) - diplococcus then streptococcus
Division in two perpendicular planes of cocci - (correct Answer) - Tetrad (cocci in packets off our) then
Sarcina (packet of 8-64 cells)
Division in several planes of cocci - (correct Answer) - Irregular clusters (number of cells varies) then
Staphylococci and Micrococci
EXTERNAL STRUCTURES - APPENDAGES • Common but no present on all species • Can be divided into
two major groups - (correct Answer) - Those that provide motility (Flagella & axial filaments) 2. Those
that provide attachment points or channels (fimbriae, pili, and nanotubes/nanowires
Flagella - (correct Answer) - : Prokaryotic Propellers
Prokaryotes can be distinguished from eukaryotes by - (correct Answer) - The way their DNA is packaged
(lack of nucleus and histones) → Bacteria & Archaea have genetic material that is free inside the cell -
The makeup of their cell wall (peptidoglycan (Bacteria) and other unique chemicals (Archaea) providing
sturdy cell walls) - Their internal structure (lack of membrane bounded organelles)
All bacterial cells possess: - (correct Answer) - -cell membrane
-cytoplasm
-ribosomes
-cytoskeleton
-one (or a few) chromosomes
cell membrane - (correct Answer) - Surrounds cytoplasm
cytoplasm - (correct Answer) - Water-based solution filling cell
Ribosomes - (correct Answer) - Sites of protein synthesis
Cytoskeleton - (correct Answer) - Encircle cell inside cell membrane contributing to the shape of the cell
One (or a few) chromosome(s) - (correct Answer) - Composed of condensed DNA molecules
•Most bacterial cells possess - (correct Answer) - cell wall
glycocalyx (surface coating)
cell wall - (correct Answer) - Semirigid casing providing structural support
Surface coating called a glycocalyx - (correct Answer) - External to cell wall, serving protective, adhesive,
and receptor functions
Some but not all bacterial cells possess: - (correct Answer) - -flagella, pili, and fimbriae
-an outer membrane
-plasmids
-inclusions
-endospores
-intracellular membranes
Flagella, pili, and fimbriae - (correct Answer) - Provides for attachment, and motility
Outer membrane - (correct Answer) - External to cell wall, contains lipopolysaccharide
Plasmids - (correct Answer) - Double-stranded DNA circle containing extra genes
, Inclusions - (correct Answer) - Stored nutrient such as fat, phosphate, or glycogen
Endospores - (correct Answer) - Dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival
in adverse conditions
prokaryotic cell - (correct Answer) - A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-
enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
•Most prokaryotes (talking primarily about bacteria) exist as unicellular organisms - (correct Answer) -
Sometimes they can act as a group, in colonies or in biofilms (communicating with one another via
chemicals that cause the, to behave differently than if they were living singly) - Also capable of
communicating nanotubes or nanowires (appendages used for transferring electrons or other
substances)
On average, prokaryotic cells are - (correct Answer) - 1 mm (microns) - Can range from 0.05 -0.2 mm
("nanobes") to 750 mm
•Cells of one species may vary in shape and size - (correct Answer) - This is pleomorphism caused by
variations in cell wall structure
coccus (cocci) - (correct Answer) - berry-shaped bacteria/bacterium
rod/bacillus - (correct Answer) - cylindrical shaped bacteria
Vibrio - (correct Answer) - a curved, rod-shaped bacterial cell
Spirillum - (correct Answer) - Spiral-shaped bacterial cell (rigid)
Spirochetes - (correct Answer) - spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of
movement
branching filaments - (correct Answer) - a few bacteria produce multiple branches off of a basic rod
structure
Bacterial cells can also be categorized according to arrangement, or style of grouping. The greatest
variety in arrangement occurs in cocci: - (correct Answer) - Single -Pairs (diplococci) -Tetrads (groups of
four) -Sarcina (cubical packing of eight, sixteen, or more) -Irregular clusters
division in one plane of cocci - (correct Answer) - diplococcus then streptococcus
Division in two perpendicular planes of cocci - (correct Answer) - Tetrad (cocci in packets off our) then
Sarcina (packet of 8-64 cells)
Division in several planes of cocci - (correct Answer) - Irregular clusters (number of cells varies) then
Staphylococci and Micrococci
EXTERNAL STRUCTURES - APPENDAGES • Common but no present on all species • Can be divided into
two major groups - (correct Answer) - Those that provide motility (Flagella & axial filaments) 2. Those
that provide attachment points or channels (fimbriae, pili, and nanotubes/nanowires
Flagella - (correct Answer) - : Prokaryotic Propellers
