SOLUTION
MANUAL
AND NOTES
FOR
WIRELESS
COMMUNIC
ATIONS AND
NETWORKS
, 3 -/ - /- 3
(R18a0425) Wireless Communications And Networks
Course Objectives
1. To Provide The Students With The Fundamental Treat ment About Many Practical And Theoretical
Concepts That Forms Basic Of Wireless Co mmunicat ion To Equip The Students With Various Kinds
Of Wireless Networks And Its Operations.
2. To Prepare The Students To Understand The Concept Of Frequency Reuse And Be Able To Apply It
In The Design Of Mobile Cellular System
3. To Prepare The Students To Understand Various Modulation Schemes And Multip le Access
Techniques That Are Used In Wireless Communications
4. To Provide An Analytical Perspective On The Design And Analysis The Traditional And Emerg ing
Wireless Networks And To Discuss The Nature Of And Solution Methods To The Fundamental
Problems In The Wireless Networking
5. To Train The Students To Understand The Architecture And Operation Of Various Wireless Wan Such
As Gsm, Is-95, Gprs And Sms
6. To Train Students To Understand Wireless Lan Architectures And Operations
7. To Prepare Students To Understand The Emerging Technique Ofd m And Its Importance In The
Wireless Communications
Unit -I
Introduction To Wireless Communication Systems: Evolution Of Mobile Radio Co mmunicat ions, Examp les Of
Wireless Co mmunicat ion Systems -Paging Systems, Cord less Telephone Systems, Cellu lar Telephone Systems,
Co mparison Of Co mmon Wireless Co mmunicat ion Systems, Trends In Cellular Radio And Personal
Co mmunicat ions. Modern Wireless Co mmunication Systems: Second Generat ion (2g) Cellular Netwo rks, Third
Generation (3g) Wireless Netwo rks, W ireless Local Loop (W ll) And Lmds, Wireless Local Area Networks
(Wlans), Bluetooth And Personal Area Networks (Pans).
Unit –Ii:
Mobile Rad io Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss: Introduction To Radio Wave Propagation, Free Space
Propagation Model, Relating Power To Electric Field, The Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms, Reflection-
Reflection Fro m Dielectrics, Brewster Angle, Reflection Fro m Prefect Conductors, Ground Reflection (Two -
Ray) Model, Diffraction-Fresnel Zone Geo Metry, Knife- Edge Diffract ion Model, Mu ltiple Knife -Edge
Diffraction, Scattering, Outdoor Propagation Models -Longley Ryce Model, Oku mura Model, Hata Model, Pcs
Extension To Hata Model, Walfisch And Bertoni Model, Wideband Pcs Microcell Model, Indoor Propagation
Models- Partit ion Losses (Same Floor), Partit ion Losses Between Floors, Log -Distance Path Loss Model,
Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model, Attenuation Factor Model, Signal Penetration Into Bu ild ings, Ray Tracing
And Site Specific Modeling.
Unit –Iii:
Mobile Rad io Propagation: Small –Scale Fad ing And Multipath Small Scale Multipath Propagation -Factors
Influencing Small Scale Fading, Doppler Sh ift, Impulse Response Model Of A Multipath Channel-Relationship
Between Bandwidth And Received Power, Small-Scale Multipath Measurements -Direct Rf Pulse System,
Spread Spectrum Sliding Co rrelator Channel Sounding, Frequency Domain Channels Sounding, Parameters Of
Mobile Multipath
Malla Reddy College Of Engineering And Technology (Autonomous) 183
,B.Tech – (Ece) R - 18
Channels-Time Dispersion Parameters, Coherence Bandwidth, Doppler Sp read And Coherence Time, Types Of
Small-Scale Fad ing-Fading Effects Due To Multipath Time Delay Sp read, Flat Fading, Frequency Selective
Fading, Fad ing Effects Due To Doppler Spread-Fast Fading, Slow Fading, Statistical Models For Mu ltipath
Fading Channels-Clarke‗S Model For Flat Fading, Spectral Shape Due To Doppler Spread In Clarke‗S Model,
Simu lation Of Clarke And Gans Fading Model, Level Crossing And Fading Statistics, Two-Ray Rayleigh
Fading Model.
Unit –Iv
Wi-Fi And The Ieee 802.11 Wireless Lan Standard: Ieee 802 Architecture, Ieee 802.11
Architecture And Services, 802.11mediu m Access Control, 802.11 Physical Layer, Other Ieee
802.11 Standards, Wi-Fi Protected Access. Bluetooth And Ieee 802.15: Overv iew, Rad io Specification,
Baseband Specification, Link Manager Specificat ion, Logical Link Control And Adaptation Protocol, Ieee
802.15.
Unit -V
Mobile Data Net works: Introduction, Data Oriented Cdpd Network, Gprs And Higher Data Rates, Short
Messaging Service In Gs m, Mobile Application Protocols. Wireless Atm & Hiperlan: Introduction, Wireless
Atm, Hiperlan, Hiperlan-2.
Text Books:
1. Theodore S. Rappaport (2002), Wireless Communications -Principles Practice,2nd Edition, Prentice Hall Of
India, New Delhi.
2. William Stallings (2009), Wireless Communications And Networks,2nd Edition, Pearson Education,
India.
3. Kaveh Pahlaven, Prashanth Krishna Murthy (2007), Principles Of Wireless Networks -A Unified
Approach, Pearson Education, India.
Reference Books:
1. Dr. Kamilo Feher (2003), Wireless Digital Communications, Prentice Hall Of India, Newdelhi.
2. Jochen Schiller (2009), Mobile Communications, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education, India.3.Andreas F.
Molisch (2006), Wireless Communications, Wiley –India, New Delhi. Course Outcomes
Upon Completion Of The Course The Student Will Be Able To:
1. Understand The Principles Of Wireless Communications
2. Understand Fundamentals Of Wireless Networking
3. Understand Cellular System Design Concepts
4. Analyze Various Multiple Access Schemes Using Wireless Communication
5. Understand Wireless Wans And Their Performance Analysis
6. Demonstrate Wireless Lan And Their Specifications
7. Familiar With Some Of The Existing And Emerging Wireless Standards
8. Understand The Concept Of Ofdm
Malla Reddy College Of Engineering And Technology (Autonomous) 184
, Unit - 1
Introduction To Wireless Communication Systems
The Ability To Co mmun icate With People On The Move Has Evolved Remarkab ly Since Gug lielmo Marconi First
Demonstrated Radio‘s Ability To Provide Continuous Contact With Ships Sailing The English Channel In 1897.
Since Then New W ireless Communicat ions Methods And Services Have Been Enthusiastically Adopted By People
Throughout The World. Particularly During The Past Ten Years, The Mobile Radio Co mmunications Industry Has
Grown By Orders Of Magnitude, Fueled By Digital And Rf Circu it Fabricat ion Improvements, New Large -Scale
Circuit Integration, And Other Min iaturization Technologies Which Make Po rtable Radio Equip ment Smaller ,
Cheaper, And More Reliab le. Dig ital Switching Techniques Have Facilitated The Large Scale Deploy ment Of
Affordable, Easy-To-Use Radio Communication Networks.
Evolution Of Mobile Radio Communications
The Ability To Provide Wireless Communications To An En tire Population Was Not Even Conceived Until Bell
Laboratories Developed The Cellu lar Concept In The 1960s And 1970s. With The Development Of Highly Reliab le,
Miniature, Solid-State Radio Frequency Hardware In The 1970s, The Wireless Communications Era Was Born.
The Following Market Penetration Data Show How Wireless Co mmunications In The Consumer Sector Has Grown
In Popularity. Figure 1.1 Illustrates How Mobile Telephony Has Penetrated Our Daily Lives Co mpared With Other
Popular Inventions Of The 20th Century. Figure 1.1 Shows That The First 35 Years Of Mobile Telephony Saw
Little Market Penetration Due To High Cost And The Technological Challenges Involved, But However, In The Past
Decade, Wireless Co mmunications Has Been Accepted By Cons umers At Rates Co mparable To Television And The
Video Cassette Recorder.
Figure 1.1. The Growth Of Mobile Telephony As Compared With Other Popular Inventions Of The 20th
Century.
By 1934, 194 Municipal Police Radio Systems And 58 State Police Stations Ha d Adopted Amplitude
Modulation (Am) Mobile Communication Systems For Public Safety In The U.S.
In 1935, Edwin Armstrong Demonstrated Frequency Modulation (Fm) Fo r The First Time, And Since The
Late 1930s, Fm Has Been The Primary Modulation Technique Used For Mobile Co mmun ication Systems
Throughout The World.
With The Boo m In Cb Radio And Cordless Appliances Such As Garage Door Openers And Telephones,
The Nu mber Of Users Of Mobile And Portable Rad io In 1995 Was About 100 M illion, Or 37% Of The
U.S. Population
The Number Of Worldwide Cellu lar Telephone Users Grew Fro m 25,000 In 1984 To About 25 Million In
1993, And Since Then Subscription-Based Wireless Serv ices Have Been Experiencing Customer Growth
Rates Well In Excess Of 50% Per Year. At The Beginning Of Th e 21st Century, Over 1% Of The
Worldwide W ireless Subscriber Population Had Already Abandoned Wired Telephone Service For Ho me
Use, And Had Begun To Rely Solely On Their Cellular Service Provider For Telephone Access.
Mobile Radiotelephony In The U.S.
In 1946, The First Public Mobile Telephone Service Was Introduced In Twenty -Five Major A merican Cities. Each
System Used A Single, High-Po wered Transmitter And Large Tower In Order To Cover Distances Of Over 50 Km
In A Part icular Market. During The 1950s And 1960s, At&T Bell Laboratories And Other Teleco mmun ications
Co mpanies Throughout The World Developed The Theory And Techniques Of Cellular Radiotelephony —The
Concept Of Breaking A Coverage Zone (Market) Into Small Cells, Each Of Which Reuse Port ions Of The Spectru m
To Increase Spectrum Usage At The Expense Of Greater System Infrastructure. At&T Proposed The Concept Of A
Cellu lar Mobile System To The Fcc In 1968, A lthough Technology Was Not Available To Implement Cellular
Telephony Until The Late 1970s. In 1983, The Fcc Finally Allocated 666 Duplex Channels (40 Mh z Of Spectru m In
The 800 Mh z Band, Each Channel Having A One-Way Bandwidth Of 30 Kh z For A Total Spectru m Occupancy Of
60 Khz For Each Duplex Channel) For The U.S. Advanced Mobile Phone System (Amps).
MANUAL
AND NOTES
FOR
WIRELESS
COMMUNIC
ATIONS AND
NETWORKS
, 3 -/ - /- 3
(R18a0425) Wireless Communications And Networks
Course Objectives
1. To Provide The Students With The Fundamental Treat ment About Many Practical And Theoretical
Concepts That Forms Basic Of Wireless Co mmunicat ion To Equip The Students With Various Kinds
Of Wireless Networks And Its Operations.
2. To Prepare The Students To Understand The Concept Of Frequency Reuse And Be Able To Apply It
In The Design Of Mobile Cellular System
3. To Prepare The Students To Understand Various Modulation Schemes And Multip le Access
Techniques That Are Used In Wireless Communications
4. To Provide An Analytical Perspective On The Design And Analysis The Traditional And Emerg ing
Wireless Networks And To Discuss The Nature Of And Solution Methods To The Fundamental
Problems In The Wireless Networking
5. To Train The Students To Understand The Architecture And Operation Of Various Wireless Wan Such
As Gsm, Is-95, Gprs And Sms
6. To Train Students To Understand Wireless Lan Architectures And Operations
7. To Prepare Students To Understand The Emerging Technique Ofd m And Its Importance In The
Wireless Communications
Unit -I
Introduction To Wireless Communication Systems: Evolution Of Mobile Radio Co mmunicat ions, Examp les Of
Wireless Co mmunicat ion Systems -Paging Systems, Cord less Telephone Systems, Cellu lar Telephone Systems,
Co mparison Of Co mmon Wireless Co mmunicat ion Systems, Trends In Cellular Radio And Personal
Co mmunicat ions. Modern Wireless Co mmunication Systems: Second Generat ion (2g) Cellular Netwo rks, Third
Generation (3g) Wireless Netwo rks, W ireless Local Loop (W ll) And Lmds, Wireless Local Area Networks
(Wlans), Bluetooth And Personal Area Networks (Pans).
Unit –Ii:
Mobile Rad io Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss: Introduction To Radio Wave Propagation, Free Space
Propagation Model, Relating Power To Electric Field, The Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms, Reflection-
Reflection Fro m Dielectrics, Brewster Angle, Reflection Fro m Prefect Conductors, Ground Reflection (Two -
Ray) Model, Diffraction-Fresnel Zone Geo Metry, Knife- Edge Diffract ion Model, Mu ltiple Knife -Edge
Diffraction, Scattering, Outdoor Propagation Models -Longley Ryce Model, Oku mura Model, Hata Model, Pcs
Extension To Hata Model, Walfisch And Bertoni Model, Wideband Pcs Microcell Model, Indoor Propagation
Models- Partit ion Losses (Same Floor), Partit ion Losses Between Floors, Log -Distance Path Loss Model,
Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model, Attenuation Factor Model, Signal Penetration Into Bu ild ings, Ray Tracing
And Site Specific Modeling.
Unit –Iii:
Mobile Rad io Propagation: Small –Scale Fad ing And Multipath Small Scale Multipath Propagation -Factors
Influencing Small Scale Fading, Doppler Sh ift, Impulse Response Model Of A Multipath Channel-Relationship
Between Bandwidth And Received Power, Small-Scale Multipath Measurements -Direct Rf Pulse System,
Spread Spectrum Sliding Co rrelator Channel Sounding, Frequency Domain Channels Sounding, Parameters Of
Mobile Multipath
Malla Reddy College Of Engineering And Technology (Autonomous) 183
,B.Tech – (Ece) R - 18
Channels-Time Dispersion Parameters, Coherence Bandwidth, Doppler Sp read And Coherence Time, Types Of
Small-Scale Fad ing-Fading Effects Due To Multipath Time Delay Sp read, Flat Fading, Frequency Selective
Fading, Fad ing Effects Due To Doppler Spread-Fast Fading, Slow Fading, Statistical Models For Mu ltipath
Fading Channels-Clarke‗S Model For Flat Fading, Spectral Shape Due To Doppler Spread In Clarke‗S Model,
Simu lation Of Clarke And Gans Fading Model, Level Crossing And Fading Statistics, Two-Ray Rayleigh
Fading Model.
Unit –Iv
Wi-Fi And The Ieee 802.11 Wireless Lan Standard: Ieee 802 Architecture, Ieee 802.11
Architecture And Services, 802.11mediu m Access Control, 802.11 Physical Layer, Other Ieee
802.11 Standards, Wi-Fi Protected Access. Bluetooth And Ieee 802.15: Overv iew, Rad io Specification,
Baseband Specification, Link Manager Specificat ion, Logical Link Control And Adaptation Protocol, Ieee
802.15.
Unit -V
Mobile Data Net works: Introduction, Data Oriented Cdpd Network, Gprs And Higher Data Rates, Short
Messaging Service In Gs m, Mobile Application Protocols. Wireless Atm & Hiperlan: Introduction, Wireless
Atm, Hiperlan, Hiperlan-2.
Text Books:
1. Theodore S. Rappaport (2002), Wireless Communications -Principles Practice,2nd Edition, Prentice Hall Of
India, New Delhi.
2. William Stallings (2009), Wireless Communications And Networks,2nd Edition, Pearson Education,
India.
3. Kaveh Pahlaven, Prashanth Krishna Murthy (2007), Principles Of Wireless Networks -A Unified
Approach, Pearson Education, India.
Reference Books:
1. Dr. Kamilo Feher (2003), Wireless Digital Communications, Prentice Hall Of India, Newdelhi.
2. Jochen Schiller (2009), Mobile Communications, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education, India.3.Andreas F.
Molisch (2006), Wireless Communications, Wiley –India, New Delhi. Course Outcomes
Upon Completion Of The Course The Student Will Be Able To:
1. Understand The Principles Of Wireless Communications
2. Understand Fundamentals Of Wireless Networking
3. Understand Cellular System Design Concepts
4. Analyze Various Multiple Access Schemes Using Wireless Communication
5. Understand Wireless Wans And Their Performance Analysis
6. Demonstrate Wireless Lan And Their Specifications
7. Familiar With Some Of The Existing And Emerging Wireless Standards
8. Understand The Concept Of Ofdm
Malla Reddy College Of Engineering And Technology (Autonomous) 184
, Unit - 1
Introduction To Wireless Communication Systems
The Ability To Co mmun icate With People On The Move Has Evolved Remarkab ly Since Gug lielmo Marconi First
Demonstrated Radio‘s Ability To Provide Continuous Contact With Ships Sailing The English Channel In 1897.
Since Then New W ireless Communicat ions Methods And Services Have Been Enthusiastically Adopted By People
Throughout The World. Particularly During The Past Ten Years, The Mobile Radio Co mmunications Industry Has
Grown By Orders Of Magnitude, Fueled By Digital And Rf Circu it Fabricat ion Improvements, New Large -Scale
Circuit Integration, And Other Min iaturization Technologies Which Make Po rtable Radio Equip ment Smaller ,
Cheaper, And More Reliab le. Dig ital Switching Techniques Have Facilitated The Large Scale Deploy ment Of
Affordable, Easy-To-Use Radio Communication Networks.
Evolution Of Mobile Radio Communications
The Ability To Provide Wireless Communications To An En tire Population Was Not Even Conceived Until Bell
Laboratories Developed The Cellu lar Concept In The 1960s And 1970s. With The Development Of Highly Reliab le,
Miniature, Solid-State Radio Frequency Hardware In The 1970s, The Wireless Communications Era Was Born.
The Following Market Penetration Data Show How Wireless Co mmunications In The Consumer Sector Has Grown
In Popularity. Figure 1.1 Illustrates How Mobile Telephony Has Penetrated Our Daily Lives Co mpared With Other
Popular Inventions Of The 20th Century. Figure 1.1 Shows That The First 35 Years Of Mobile Telephony Saw
Little Market Penetration Due To High Cost And The Technological Challenges Involved, But However, In The Past
Decade, Wireless Co mmunications Has Been Accepted By Cons umers At Rates Co mparable To Television And The
Video Cassette Recorder.
Figure 1.1. The Growth Of Mobile Telephony As Compared With Other Popular Inventions Of The 20th
Century.
By 1934, 194 Municipal Police Radio Systems And 58 State Police Stations Ha d Adopted Amplitude
Modulation (Am) Mobile Communication Systems For Public Safety In The U.S.
In 1935, Edwin Armstrong Demonstrated Frequency Modulation (Fm) Fo r The First Time, And Since The
Late 1930s, Fm Has Been The Primary Modulation Technique Used For Mobile Co mmun ication Systems
Throughout The World.
With The Boo m In Cb Radio And Cordless Appliances Such As Garage Door Openers And Telephones,
The Nu mber Of Users Of Mobile And Portable Rad io In 1995 Was About 100 M illion, Or 37% Of The
U.S. Population
The Number Of Worldwide Cellu lar Telephone Users Grew Fro m 25,000 In 1984 To About 25 Million In
1993, And Since Then Subscription-Based Wireless Serv ices Have Been Experiencing Customer Growth
Rates Well In Excess Of 50% Per Year. At The Beginning Of Th e 21st Century, Over 1% Of The
Worldwide W ireless Subscriber Population Had Already Abandoned Wired Telephone Service For Ho me
Use, And Had Begun To Rely Solely On Their Cellular Service Provider For Telephone Access.
Mobile Radiotelephony In The U.S.
In 1946, The First Public Mobile Telephone Service Was Introduced In Twenty -Five Major A merican Cities. Each
System Used A Single, High-Po wered Transmitter And Large Tower In Order To Cover Distances Of Over 50 Km
In A Part icular Market. During The 1950s And 1960s, At&T Bell Laboratories And Other Teleco mmun ications
Co mpanies Throughout The World Developed The Theory And Techniques Of Cellular Radiotelephony —The
Concept Of Breaking A Coverage Zone (Market) Into Small Cells, Each Of Which Reuse Port ions Of The Spectru m
To Increase Spectrum Usage At The Expense Of Greater System Infrastructure. At&T Proposed The Concept Of A
Cellu lar Mobile System To The Fcc In 1968, A lthough Technology Was Not Available To Implement Cellular
Telephony Until The Late 1970s. In 1983, The Fcc Finally Allocated 666 Duplex Channels (40 Mh z Of Spectru m In
The 800 Mh z Band, Each Channel Having A One-Way Bandwidth Of 30 Kh z For A Total Spectru m Occupancy Of
60 Khz For Each Duplex Channel) For The U.S. Advanced Mobile Phone System (Amps).
