NSG 530 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 2025
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |
EXPERT VERIFIED
What happens to a cell when there is hypoxic injury
Correct Answer ischemia—the cessation of blood flow into
vessels that supply the cell with oxygen and nutrients.
How does obesity contribute to increased risk for
dehydration Correct Answer Because the water content in
their fat cells is lower than the water content in the muscle
cells, then the obese person is more prone to dehydrate.
RO Correct Answer Respiratory opposite
Ph (up) PCO2 (down) alkalosis
Ph (down) PCO2 (up) Acidosis
ph 7.35 to 7.45
PCO2 35-45
HCO2 22-26
ME Correct Answer Metabolic Equal
Ph up PCO2 up Alkalosis
PH down PCO2 down acidosis
,How does the body compensate when H+ ions increase?
Correct Answer kidneys excrete more H and retain more
bi-carb
when hydrogen ions concentrations increase in body fluid
so does the amount of CO2 The extra CO2 is expelled
through exhalation helping to bring down the hydrogen ion
level back normal
is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated
with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure. Correct Answer
Kussmaul respirations
What is the role of the juxtaglomerular cells in controlling
the effects of dehydration? Correct Answer The
juxtaglomerular apparatus is a microscopic structure in the
kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The
enzyme renin is released by kidney cells in response to a
decline in blood volume, blood pressure, or both. Once in
the bloodstream, renin starts an enzymatic chain reaction
known as the renin-angiotensin system that leads to the
formation of the hormone angiotensin II. Renin carries out
the conversion of angiotensinogen in the liver to
angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to
angiotensin II by 'angiotensin converting enzyme' found in
the lungs. Angiotensin II is a potent vaso-active peptide
that causes blood vessels to constrict, resulting in
increased blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates
the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal
cortex. Aldosterone causes the tubules of the kidneys to
increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the
, blood. This increases the volume of fluid in the body,
which also increases blood pressure.
What happens to the cells in hypernatremia? Correct
Answer The cell will shrink. hypernatremia results in
dehydration of brain cells
What are the signs and symptoms associated with
hypernatremia Correct Answer thirst, fever, dry mucous
membrane, hypotension, tachycardia, restlessness, low
jugular venous pressure.
Why does giving insulin reduce potassium? Correct
Answer Insulin carries potassium back into the cell
What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia
Correct Answer Seizure, headache, neurological changes,
confusion. nausea, muscle cramps
What factors influence calcium and phosphate balance?
Correct Answer Calcium and phosphate balance is
regulated by three hormones: PTH, Vitamin D, and
calcitonin.
PTH responds to low levels of calcium. PTH stimulates
reabsorption of calcium along the distal tubule of the
nephron and inhibits phosphate reabsorption. Calcitonin
produced by C cells of the thyroid gland decreases
calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclastic activity in bone.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 2025
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS |
EXPERT VERIFIED
What happens to a cell when there is hypoxic injury
Correct Answer ischemia—the cessation of blood flow into
vessels that supply the cell with oxygen and nutrients.
How does obesity contribute to increased risk for
dehydration Correct Answer Because the water content in
their fat cells is lower than the water content in the muscle
cells, then the obese person is more prone to dehydrate.
RO Correct Answer Respiratory opposite
Ph (up) PCO2 (down) alkalosis
Ph (down) PCO2 (up) Acidosis
ph 7.35 to 7.45
PCO2 35-45
HCO2 22-26
ME Correct Answer Metabolic Equal
Ph up PCO2 up Alkalosis
PH down PCO2 down acidosis
,How does the body compensate when H+ ions increase?
Correct Answer kidneys excrete more H and retain more
bi-carb
when hydrogen ions concentrations increase in body fluid
so does the amount of CO2 The extra CO2 is expelled
through exhalation helping to bring down the hydrogen ion
level back normal
is a deep and labored breathing pattern often associated
with severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA) but also kidney failure. Correct Answer
Kussmaul respirations
What is the role of the juxtaglomerular cells in controlling
the effects of dehydration? Correct Answer The
juxtaglomerular apparatus is a microscopic structure in the
kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The
enzyme renin is released by kidney cells in response to a
decline in blood volume, blood pressure, or both. Once in
the bloodstream, renin starts an enzymatic chain reaction
known as the renin-angiotensin system that leads to the
formation of the hormone angiotensin II. Renin carries out
the conversion of angiotensinogen in the liver to
angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to
angiotensin II by 'angiotensin converting enzyme' found in
the lungs. Angiotensin II is a potent vaso-active peptide
that causes blood vessels to constrict, resulting in
increased blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates
the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal
cortex. Aldosterone causes the tubules of the kidneys to
increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the
, blood. This increases the volume of fluid in the body,
which also increases blood pressure.
What happens to the cells in hypernatremia? Correct
Answer The cell will shrink. hypernatremia results in
dehydration of brain cells
What are the signs and symptoms associated with
hypernatremia Correct Answer thirst, fever, dry mucous
membrane, hypotension, tachycardia, restlessness, low
jugular venous pressure.
Why does giving insulin reduce potassium? Correct
Answer Insulin carries potassium back into the cell
What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia
Correct Answer Seizure, headache, neurological changes,
confusion. nausea, muscle cramps
What factors influence calcium and phosphate balance?
Correct Answer Calcium and phosphate balance is
regulated by three hormones: PTH, Vitamin D, and
calcitonin.
PTH responds to low levels of calcium. PTH stimulates
reabsorption of calcium along the distal tubule of the
nephron and inhibits phosphate reabsorption. Calcitonin
produced by C cells of the thyroid gland decreases
calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclastic activity in bone.
