BIOD 331 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ALL MODULES
2025/2026 BANK COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS ACCURATE ACTUAL EXAM WITH
FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND STUDY
GUIDE / EXPERT VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED
PASS/ALREADY GRADED A+
What is down regulation? - ....ANSWER...Down
regulation is when a cell decreases its total number of
receptor site present in cells or tissues.
What are G-linked protein receptors? - ....ANSWER...On-
off switch. have a ligand-binding extracellular receptor.
They convert external signals into internal signals. When
the receptor is on it bind to GTP, when it's off, it binds to
GDP.
What are enzyme-linked receptors? -
....ANSWER...Growth factors. Have their ligand-binding
site on the outside of the cell membrane. It activates an
intracellular domain with enzyme activity, linked to growth
,factors, and respond to increased potassium-sodium
exchanges, influxes of calcium, and stimulation of glucose
and amino acid uptake.
What are Ion-channel-linked receptors? -
....ANSWER...Neurotransmitters. Found on nerve and
muscle cells. They are highly excitable and synaptic
signaling is rapid. Neurotransmitters use this type of
signaling to open or close ion channels formed by integral
proteins in the cell membrane.
What is diffusion? - ....ANSWER...Molecules go from an
area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
until they are equally distributed. i.e. Electrolytes move
from an area of high concentration one one side of a cell
membrane to an area of lower concentration on the other
side.
What is facilitated diffusion? - ....ANSWER...uses a
transport protein to help lipid insoluble or large molecules
pass through the cell membrane.
,What is active transport? - ....ANSWER...Cells use energy
to move against an electrical or chemical gradient.
Example: sodium-potassium-ATPase pump. This pump
moves sodium from inside the cell to the extracellular
region and returns potassium to the inside of a cell.
What is the most important active transport system and
why is it important? - ....ANSWER...The sodium-
potassium-ATPase pump is the most important active
transport system. The removal of sodium and the
replacement with potassium causes the cell to maintain its
structural integrity. If sodium remained in the cell, the cell
would swell and die.
Define endocytosis. - ....ANSWER...Endocytosis is the
process by which a cell takes in substances from outside
itself by engulfing them in a vesicle (such as nutrients or
pathogens that immune cells engulf and destroy).
What is pinocytosis? - ....ANSWER...Pinocytosis is "cell
drinking", where the cell engulfs small solid or fluid
particles such as proteins and electrolytes.
, What is phagocytosis? - ....ANSWER...Phagocytosis
means "cell eating" where the membrane engulfs then kills
microorganisms or other molecules. Once the particle is
enclosed, a phagosome is formed and it moved into the
cytoplasm where a lysosome meets it to be destroyed.
(think: white blood cells, leukocytes)
Why are ion channels necessary? - ....ANSWER...Ions are
unable to cross the cell membrane due to the arrangement
of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails in the lipid
bilayer. In order to cross the membrane, they must interact
with membrane receptors.
What is primary active transport? - ....ANSWER...ATP is
used directly to transport the substance
What is secondary active transport? -
....ANSWER...Energy is derived from the primary active
transport of one substance, usually sodium, for the
cotransport of a second substance
2025/2026 BANK COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS ACCURATE ACTUAL EXAM WITH
FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND STUDY
GUIDE / EXPERT VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED
PASS/ALREADY GRADED A+
What is down regulation? - ....ANSWER...Down
regulation is when a cell decreases its total number of
receptor site present in cells or tissues.
What are G-linked protein receptors? - ....ANSWER...On-
off switch. have a ligand-binding extracellular receptor.
They convert external signals into internal signals. When
the receptor is on it bind to GTP, when it's off, it binds to
GDP.
What are enzyme-linked receptors? -
....ANSWER...Growth factors. Have their ligand-binding
site on the outside of the cell membrane. It activates an
intracellular domain with enzyme activity, linked to growth
,factors, and respond to increased potassium-sodium
exchanges, influxes of calcium, and stimulation of glucose
and amino acid uptake.
What are Ion-channel-linked receptors? -
....ANSWER...Neurotransmitters. Found on nerve and
muscle cells. They are highly excitable and synaptic
signaling is rapid. Neurotransmitters use this type of
signaling to open or close ion channels formed by integral
proteins in the cell membrane.
What is diffusion? - ....ANSWER...Molecules go from an
area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
until they are equally distributed. i.e. Electrolytes move
from an area of high concentration one one side of a cell
membrane to an area of lower concentration on the other
side.
What is facilitated diffusion? - ....ANSWER...uses a
transport protein to help lipid insoluble or large molecules
pass through the cell membrane.
,What is active transport? - ....ANSWER...Cells use energy
to move against an electrical or chemical gradient.
Example: sodium-potassium-ATPase pump. This pump
moves sodium from inside the cell to the extracellular
region and returns potassium to the inside of a cell.
What is the most important active transport system and
why is it important? - ....ANSWER...The sodium-
potassium-ATPase pump is the most important active
transport system. The removal of sodium and the
replacement with potassium causes the cell to maintain its
structural integrity. If sodium remained in the cell, the cell
would swell and die.
Define endocytosis. - ....ANSWER...Endocytosis is the
process by which a cell takes in substances from outside
itself by engulfing them in a vesicle (such as nutrients or
pathogens that immune cells engulf and destroy).
What is pinocytosis? - ....ANSWER...Pinocytosis is "cell
drinking", where the cell engulfs small solid or fluid
particles such as proteins and electrolytes.
, What is phagocytosis? - ....ANSWER...Phagocytosis
means "cell eating" where the membrane engulfs then kills
microorganisms or other molecules. Once the particle is
enclosed, a phagosome is formed and it moved into the
cytoplasm where a lysosome meets it to be destroyed.
(think: white blood cells, leukocytes)
Why are ion channels necessary? - ....ANSWER...Ions are
unable to cross the cell membrane due to the arrangement
of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails in the lipid
bilayer. In order to cross the membrane, they must interact
with membrane receptors.
What is primary active transport? - ....ANSWER...ATP is
used directly to transport the substance
What is secondary active transport? -
....ANSWER...Energy is derived from the primary active
transport of one substance, usually sodium, for the
cotransport of a second substance
