Solution Manual for
cc cc
Statistics for Nursing
cc cc
cc Research A Workbook for
cc cc cc
cc Evidence-Based Practice cc
cc 3rd Edition Susan Grove
cc cc cc
cc Daisha
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded cc cc cc cc cc cc
Measurement: Nominal,
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cc
c c
1
c c
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
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1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
ccProvide a rationale for your answer. cc cc cc cc cc
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
cccategories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
cccategories of drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive,
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
ccsince patients are usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
cchealth problems. The current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
cccannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
ccthan another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
for your answer.
cc c c cc
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
for this sample.
c c c c cc
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
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sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
inappropriate.
cc
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier,
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
2017). Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
SD (Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
ccstudy: What category identifies your current income as an RN?
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
a. Less than $50,000 cc cc
b. $50,000 to 59,999 cc cc
c. $60,000 to 69,999 cc cc
d. $70,000 to 80,000 cc cc
e. $80,000 or greater cc cc
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
catego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
The two open-ended
cc cc cc
AG 1-1 cc
,AG 1-2 cc Answer ccGuidelines ccfor ccQuestions ccto ccBe ccGraded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
catego- ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
might mark either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e)
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
could be changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The
cc cc cc c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
their symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
in the depression symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017;
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
Waltz et al., 2017).
cc cc cc cc
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
for the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
scores
cc for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al.,
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
cc cc cc cc cc
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
importance of this result.
cc cc cc cc
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
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greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
the subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
of sub- jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
class increases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and
cc cc cc c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
treated as needed.
cc cc cc
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
nearest whole percent (%).
cc cc cc cc
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
sample included
c c 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91
c c c c c c c c c c c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
(106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the following formula:
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c c c c c c
(group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients
c c c c c c cc c c c c c c cc c c c c c c cc c c
÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final
c c cc c c c c c c cc c c cc c c cc c c cc c c cc c c c c
answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question.
cc cc cc c c cc c c c c c c cc cc cc cc c c
You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from
cc c c c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
useful in clinical practice?
cc cc cc cc
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
submaximal, steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
quick, easy way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical
cc cc cc cc cc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
setting. This functional status score could be used to determine the treatment
c c c c c c c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
plan to promote or maintain functional status of cardiac patients.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
, Answer ccGuidelines ccfor ccQuestions ccto ccBe ccGraded AG 1-3 cc
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
measurement for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
for your answer. Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
this study was measured with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
focused on walking, climbing, lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
narrative). This was a rating scale with values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
for the Total Exercise Confidence scale and the subscales were considered interval-level
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
data and analyzed with parametric statistics, such as means and SDs (see the study
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
cc cc cc cc cc
cc cc
Statistics for Nursing
cc cc
cc Research A Workbook for
cc cc cc
cc Evidence-Based Practice cc
cc 3rd Edition Susan Grove
cc cc cc
cc Daisha
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded cc cc cc cc cc cc
Measurement: Nominal,
cc c c
cc
c c
1
c c
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
ccProvide a rationale for your answer. cc cc cc cc cc
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
cccategories were probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
cccategories of drugs the subjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive,
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
ccsince patients are usually on more than one category of these drugs to manage their
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
cchealth problems. The current therapies are not measured at the ordinal level because they
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
cccannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered more or less beneficial
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
ccthan another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
for your answer.
cc c c cc
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
for this sample.
c c c c cc
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
sample? Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
inappropriate.
cc
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
resulted in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier,
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
2017). Ratio- level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
SD (Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp, 2017).
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
ccstudy: What category identifies your current income as an RN?
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
a. Less than $50,000 cc cc
b. $50,000 to 59,999 cc cc
c. $60,000 to 69,999 cc cc
d. $70,000 to 80,000 cc cc
e. $80,000 or greater cc cc
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
the rules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
catego- ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
The two open-ended
cc cc cc
AG 1-1 cc
,AG 1-2 cc Answer ccGuidelines ccfor ccQuestions ccto ccBe ccGraded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
catego- ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
might mark either (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e)
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
could be changed to greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The
cc cc cc c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz et al., 2017).
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
their symp- toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
in the depression symptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017;
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
Waltz et al., 2017).
cc cc cc cc
5. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
for the cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
scores
cc for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al.,
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
cc cc cc cc cc
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
importance of this result.
cc cc cc cc
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
greater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
the subjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
of sub- jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
class increases, cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and
cc cc cc c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
treated as needed.
cc cc cc
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
with an antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
nearest whole percent (%).
cc cc cc cc
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
sample included
c c 15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see
c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not treated for depression was 91
c c c c c c c c c c c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
(106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the following formula:
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c c c c c c
(group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients
c c c c c c cc c c c c c c cc c c c c c c cc c c
÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The final
c c cc c c c c c c cc c c cc c c cc c c cc c c cc c c c c
answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question.
cc cc cc c c cc c c c c c c cc cc cc cc c c
You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from
cc c c c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
t. What was the purpose of the 5-minute walk test (5MWT)? Would the 5MWT be
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
useful in clinical practice?
cc cc cc cc
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
submaximal, steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
quick, easy way to determine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical
cc cc cc cc cc c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c
setting. This functional status score could be used to determine the treatment
c c c c c c c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
plan to promote or maintain functional status of cardiac patients.
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
, Answer ccGuidelines ccfor ccQuestions ccto ccBe ccGraded AG 1-3 cc
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of
c c cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
measurement for the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
for your answer. Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
this study was measured with the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
focused on walking, climbing, lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
narrative). This was a rating scale with values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
for the Total Exercise Confidence scale and the subscales were considered interval-level
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
data and analyzed with parametric statistics, such as means and SDs (see the study
cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc
narrative; Waltz et al., 2017).
cc cc cc cc cc
