Examl 1:l NU641/l NUl 641l (NEWl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Advancedl Clinicall
Pharmacologyl Guide|l Questionsl &l
Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)-l Regis
QUESTION
Betal blockersl pharmacodynamics
Answer:
-HRl andl strokel volume
-occupyl betal receptorl sitesl andl competitievlyl preventingl occupancyl ofl thesel sitedl byl
catacholeaminesl andl otherl betal agonists
cardsl effect:l blockagel ofl betal 1l receptorsl decreasel heartl rate,l decreasel contractility,l
conductionl velocityl andl slowsl conductionl atl thel AVl junctionl
renall effects:l reducesl releasel ofl reninl (Betal 1l receptors)
respiratory:l blocksl Betal 2l receptors,l resultingl inl bronchoconstrictionl (l usel cautionl inl
reactivel airwayl disorders)
ocular:l decreasel intraocularl pressure
metaolicl andl endocrine:l blockedl betal 2l receptsl inl liverl ->l increasedl triglycerides,l
cholesterol,l andl decreasedl LDHl (inhibitionl ofl insulinl secretionl andl decreasedl inl tissuel
sensitivity-l usuallyl alsol onl statin)
QUESTION
typesl ofl betal blockers
Answer:
•Non-selectivel Betal Blockers:l -l B1l andl B2l affectl (mostl concernl withl COPDl andl
asthma)
•acebutolol,l nadolol,l propranololl (mostl welll known)l ,l sotalol*l (independentl classl IIIl anti-
arrhythmic)
•Selectivel Betal blockers:
•(2)l atenolol,l betaxolol,l bisoprolol,l metoprololl (1),l nebivolol
,•Alphal andl Betal blockers:
•Carvediloll (PO),l labetaloll (IV)
•Betal blockersl withl ISA:l -l betterl tol maintainl HRl suchl asl withl HF
•Non-selective:l carteolol,l penbutilol,l pindolol
•Selective:l acebutilol
QUESTION
BBl pharmcokinetics
Answer:
alll arel welll absorbedl whenl givenl orallyl andl widlyl distributedl inl bodyl tissues
-metabolizedl inl liverl andl eliminatedl inl bilel andl feces
-sometimesl needsl tol bel dosedl renally
QUESTION
BBl contraindicationsl /l drugl interactions
Answer:
-l ****l cautionl withl uncontrolledl respiratoryl issues
-contraindicatedl withl AVl block
-usel cautiousl inl patientsl withl withl diabetesl (canl maskl s/s)
-pregl catl cl orl d
interactions
alc,l nitrates,l dixogin,l altersl effectivnessl ofl hypoglycemicl medications,l clonidinel
somel arel CPY2D6l substates
QUESTION
BBl ARDS
Answer:
CV:l bradycardia,l CHFl withl Pulmonaryl edema,l hypotension
CNS:l fatiguel (sloweredl HR,l can'tl triggerl quickl cardiacl response),l weakeness,l dizziness
psychiatic:l anxiety,l depression,l drowsines,l insomnia,l nightmares
endrocrine:l hyperglycemia,l hypo,l unstablel DI
gi:l dryl moith
resp:l bronchospasm,l dypnea
other:l musclel andl jointl pain,l pruriticl reactions,l faciall swelling
,QUESTION
BBl clinicall use,l monitoringl andl education
Answer:
use
HTN,l arrhthmias,l angina,l MI,l HF,l migrainel prophlaxis
monitoring:l BP,l nol needl forl BMP
education:l monitorl bPl andl pulsel biweekly,l watchl outl diabets,l ******abruptl
discontinuation=l severel angina,l MI,l ventricularl arrhythmiasl andl death.l AKAl IFl THEYl
AREN'Tl COMPLIANTl DONTl PRESCRIBEl IT
otcl coughl meds
QUESTION
alphal 1l blockers,l PK,l PDl andl contraindiactions
Answer:
doxazosin,l prazosin,l terazosin
-zosin
PD:l blocksl thel effectsl ofl catecholaminesl inl vascularl smoothl musclel (strokel volumel andl
SVR)l andl inl thel smoothl musclel ofl thel bladderl neckl andl prostatel (couldl bel usedl forl
BPH)
PK:l metabolizedl inl thel liver,l excretedl inl bothl fecesl andl urines
contraindication/l precautions:l don'tl givel ifl fluidl depleted
NOTl Al LOTl OFl COMPELLINGl IMPLICATIONS
QUESTION
Alphal 1l blockerl drugl interactions,l ADR
Answer:
-increasel posturall hypotensionl withl otherl antihypertensivesl (hazardousl whenl takenl atl
nightl ifl theyl havel BHPl andl getl upl al lot),l ***alc,l nitrates
ADRs:l syncope,l hypotnesion,l fluidl retnetion,l nasall congestion,l blurredl vision,l
impotence***
, QUESTION
Alphal 1l blockersl usel andl ptl education
Answer:
use:l hypertension,l BPHl
monitoring:l BP,l fluidl rentention,l baselinel WBCl count,l baselinel ldt
education:l NSAIDsl (decreasel effectivness)
QUESTION
alphsl 2l agonistsl PDl andl PK
Answer:
clonadine,l guanfacine,l methyldopa
PD:l activationl ofl alphal 2l receptors,l resultsl inl inhibitionl ofl cardioacculerationl andl
vasocontrictionl centersl inl brain
resultsl =l decreasedl repheriall outflowl ofl NE,l leadingl tol decreasedl peripherall desistance,l
renall vascularl resistance,l heartl rate,l andl bloodl pressurel (alphal 2l inl al lotl ofl areasl sol
worksl onl al lotl ofl places)
PK:l alll drugsl arel widelyl distributedl inl tissuesl andl crossl thel BBB
NOTl POPULAR
QUESTION
Alphal 2l agonistsl contrindicationsl andl interactions
Answer:
cautionl inl :l prescencel ofl severel coronaryl insufficency,l recentl MI,l renall functionl
impairment
-avoidl inl olderl adultsl andl thosel atl riskl ofl bradycardia,l clonidine,
Bl andl Cl pregl risk
interactions:l alc,l antihistamines,l phenothazines,l barbituates,l benzodiapines
QUESTION
alphal 2l agonistsl ARDS,l monitoring,l education
Answer:
2026l Update)l Advancedl Clinicall
Pharmacologyl Guide|l Questionsl &l
Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)-l Regis
QUESTION
Betal blockersl pharmacodynamics
Answer:
-HRl andl strokel volume
-occupyl betal receptorl sitesl andl competitievlyl preventingl occupancyl ofl thesel sitedl byl
catacholeaminesl andl otherl betal agonists
cardsl effect:l blockagel ofl betal 1l receptorsl decreasel heartl rate,l decreasel contractility,l
conductionl velocityl andl slowsl conductionl atl thel AVl junctionl
renall effects:l reducesl releasel ofl reninl (Betal 1l receptors)
respiratory:l blocksl Betal 2l receptors,l resultingl inl bronchoconstrictionl (l usel cautionl inl
reactivel airwayl disorders)
ocular:l decreasel intraocularl pressure
metaolicl andl endocrine:l blockedl betal 2l receptsl inl liverl ->l increasedl triglycerides,l
cholesterol,l andl decreasedl LDHl (inhibitionl ofl insulinl secretionl andl decreasedl inl tissuel
sensitivity-l usuallyl alsol onl statin)
QUESTION
typesl ofl betal blockers
Answer:
•Non-selectivel Betal Blockers:l -l B1l andl B2l affectl (mostl concernl withl COPDl andl
asthma)
•acebutolol,l nadolol,l propranololl (mostl welll known)l ,l sotalol*l (independentl classl IIIl anti-
arrhythmic)
•Selectivel Betal blockers:
•(2)l atenolol,l betaxolol,l bisoprolol,l metoprololl (1),l nebivolol
,•Alphal andl Betal blockers:
•Carvediloll (PO),l labetaloll (IV)
•Betal blockersl withl ISA:l -l betterl tol maintainl HRl suchl asl withl HF
•Non-selective:l carteolol,l penbutilol,l pindolol
•Selective:l acebutilol
QUESTION
BBl pharmcokinetics
Answer:
alll arel welll absorbedl whenl givenl orallyl andl widlyl distributedl inl bodyl tissues
-metabolizedl inl liverl andl eliminatedl inl bilel andl feces
-sometimesl needsl tol bel dosedl renally
QUESTION
BBl contraindicationsl /l drugl interactions
Answer:
-l ****l cautionl withl uncontrolledl respiratoryl issues
-contraindicatedl withl AVl block
-usel cautiousl inl patientsl withl withl diabetesl (canl maskl s/s)
-pregl catl cl orl d
interactions
alc,l nitrates,l dixogin,l altersl effectivnessl ofl hypoglycemicl medications,l clonidinel
somel arel CPY2D6l substates
QUESTION
BBl ARDS
Answer:
CV:l bradycardia,l CHFl withl Pulmonaryl edema,l hypotension
CNS:l fatiguel (sloweredl HR,l can'tl triggerl quickl cardiacl response),l weakeness,l dizziness
psychiatic:l anxiety,l depression,l drowsines,l insomnia,l nightmares
endrocrine:l hyperglycemia,l hypo,l unstablel DI
gi:l dryl moith
resp:l bronchospasm,l dypnea
other:l musclel andl jointl pain,l pruriticl reactions,l faciall swelling
,QUESTION
BBl clinicall use,l monitoringl andl education
Answer:
use
HTN,l arrhthmias,l angina,l MI,l HF,l migrainel prophlaxis
monitoring:l BP,l nol needl forl BMP
education:l monitorl bPl andl pulsel biweekly,l watchl outl diabets,l ******abruptl
discontinuation=l severel angina,l MI,l ventricularl arrhythmiasl andl death.l AKAl IFl THEYl
AREN'Tl COMPLIANTl DONTl PRESCRIBEl IT
otcl coughl meds
QUESTION
alphal 1l blockers,l PK,l PDl andl contraindiactions
Answer:
doxazosin,l prazosin,l terazosin
-zosin
PD:l blocksl thel effectsl ofl catecholaminesl inl vascularl smoothl musclel (strokel volumel andl
SVR)l andl inl thel smoothl musclel ofl thel bladderl neckl andl prostatel (couldl bel usedl forl
BPH)
PK:l metabolizedl inl thel liver,l excretedl inl bothl fecesl andl urines
contraindication/l precautions:l don'tl givel ifl fluidl depleted
NOTl Al LOTl OFl COMPELLINGl IMPLICATIONS
QUESTION
Alphal 1l blockerl drugl interactions,l ADR
Answer:
-increasel posturall hypotensionl withl otherl antihypertensivesl (hazardousl whenl takenl atl
nightl ifl theyl havel BHPl andl getl upl al lot),l ***alc,l nitrates
ADRs:l syncope,l hypotnesion,l fluidl retnetion,l nasall congestion,l blurredl vision,l
impotence***
, QUESTION
Alphal 1l blockersl usel andl ptl education
Answer:
use:l hypertension,l BPHl
monitoring:l BP,l fluidl rentention,l baselinel WBCl count,l baselinel ldt
education:l NSAIDsl (decreasel effectivness)
QUESTION
alphsl 2l agonistsl PDl andl PK
Answer:
clonadine,l guanfacine,l methyldopa
PD:l activationl ofl alphal 2l receptors,l resultsl inl inhibitionl ofl cardioacculerationl andl
vasocontrictionl centersl inl brain
resultsl =l decreasedl repheriall outflowl ofl NE,l leadingl tol decreasedl peripherall desistance,l
renall vascularl resistance,l heartl rate,l andl bloodl pressurel (alphal 2l inl al lotl ofl areasl sol
worksl onl al lotl ofl places)
PK:l alll drugsl arel widelyl distributedl inl tissuesl andl crossl thel BBB
NOTl POPULAR
QUESTION
Alphal 2l agonistsl contrindicationsl andl interactions
Answer:
cautionl inl :l prescencel ofl severel coronaryl insufficency,l recentl MI,l renall functionl
impairment
-avoidl inl olderl adultsl andl thosel atl riskl ofl bradycardia,l clonidine,
Bl andl Cl pregl risk
interactions:l alc,l antihistamines,l phenothazines,l barbituates,l benzodiapines
QUESTION
alphal 2l agonistsl ARDS,l monitoring,l education
Answer:
