NURS6501 Nurs 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Actual
Week 6 Midterm Exam 2024. 100 Correctly Answered
Questions. Verified Exam Graded A+ Winter Quarter
Walden University
1. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with chronic
kidney disease?
Hyperkalemia
Chronic kidney disease impairs potassium excretion, leading to elevated serum
potassium levels.
2. A patient with heart failure develops pulmonary edema due to which
pathophysiological mechanism?
Increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries
Heart failure leads to left ventricular dysfunction, causing blood to back up into
pulmonary circulation, increasing hydrostatic pressure and causing fluid leakage
into alveoli.
3. What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis in diabetic ketoacidosis?
Accumulation of ketoacids in the blood
Ketoacids are acidic byproducts from fat metabolism when insulin is deficient,
causing decreased blood pH.
, 4. In the pathophysiology of asthma, which cells play a central role in airway
inflammation?
Eosinophils
Eosinophils release inflammatory mediators that contribute to airway
hyperresponsiveness and damage in asthma.
5. The hallmark of acute inflammation includes which of the following?
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
These changes allow immune cells and proteins to access injured tissue,
initiating healing.
6. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for inducing fever during infection?
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to increase the body's temperature set point.
7. In cirrhosis, portal hypertension occurs primarily due to:
Increased resistance to blood flow through the liver
Fibrosis and nodular regeneration distort liver architecture, impeding portal
venous blood flow.
8. The primary mechanism behind myocardial ischemia is:
Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand
Coronary artery obstruction reduces oxygen delivery, causing ischemic injury.
9. Which hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption, renal reabsorption,
and vitamin D activation.
, 10.What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in Type 1 diabetes
mellitus?
Type IV (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells is mediated by T lymphocytes,
characteristic of Type IV.
11.What is the main pathophysiological cause of edema in nephrotic
syndrome?
Loss of plasma proteins causing decreased oncotic pressure
Proteinuria leads to hypoalbuminemia, reducing plasma oncotic pressure and
promoting fluid leakage into interstitial spaces.
12.Which cell type is primarily responsible for bone resorption?
Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts break down bone matrix, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.
13.What is the primary cause of primary hypertension?
Idiopathic, multifactorial involving genetic and environmental factors
Primary hypertension has no single cause but results from complex interactions
of factors increasing vascular resistance.
14.Which hormone antagonizes the action of aldosterone?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
ANP promotes sodium excretion and vasodilation, opposing aldosterone’s
sodium retention effects.
15.In multiple sclerosis, the immune system primarily attacks:
Week 6 Midterm Exam 2024. 100 Correctly Answered
Questions. Verified Exam Graded A+ Winter Quarter
Walden University
1. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with chronic
kidney disease?
Hyperkalemia
Chronic kidney disease impairs potassium excretion, leading to elevated serum
potassium levels.
2. A patient with heart failure develops pulmonary edema due to which
pathophysiological mechanism?
Increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries
Heart failure leads to left ventricular dysfunction, causing blood to back up into
pulmonary circulation, increasing hydrostatic pressure and causing fluid leakage
into alveoli.
3. What is the primary cause of metabolic acidosis in diabetic ketoacidosis?
Accumulation of ketoacids in the blood
Ketoacids are acidic byproducts from fat metabolism when insulin is deficient,
causing decreased blood pH.
, 4. In the pathophysiology of asthma, which cells play a central role in airway
inflammation?
Eosinophils
Eosinophils release inflammatory mediators that contribute to airway
hyperresponsiveness and damage in asthma.
5. The hallmark of acute inflammation includes which of the following?
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
These changes allow immune cells and proteins to access injured tissue,
initiating healing.
6. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for inducing fever during infection?
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to increase the body's temperature set point.
7. In cirrhosis, portal hypertension occurs primarily due to:
Increased resistance to blood flow through the liver
Fibrosis and nodular regeneration distort liver architecture, impeding portal
venous blood flow.
8. The primary mechanism behind myocardial ischemia is:
Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand
Coronary artery obstruction reduces oxygen delivery, causing ischemic injury.
9. Which hormone is secreted in response to low blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PTH increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption, renal reabsorption,
and vitamin D activation.
, 10.What type of hypersensitivity reaction is involved in Type 1 diabetes
mellitus?
Type IV (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells is mediated by T lymphocytes,
characteristic of Type IV.
11.What is the main pathophysiological cause of edema in nephrotic
syndrome?
Loss of plasma proteins causing decreased oncotic pressure
Proteinuria leads to hypoalbuminemia, reducing plasma oncotic pressure and
promoting fluid leakage into interstitial spaces.
12.Which cell type is primarily responsible for bone resorption?
Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts break down bone matrix, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.
13.What is the primary cause of primary hypertension?
Idiopathic, multifactorial involving genetic and environmental factors
Primary hypertension has no single cause but results from complex interactions
of factors increasing vascular resistance.
14.Which hormone antagonizes the action of aldosterone?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
ANP promotes sodium excretion and vasodilation, opposing aldosterone’s
sodium retention effects.
15.In multiple sclerosis, the immune system primarily attacks:
