Immunology- HMX
microbes - ANSWER: virus, bacteria, protozoans, multicellular parasite
commensal microorganisms - ANSWER: a microorganism that habitually lives on or in the human body; one
that normally causes no disease or harm and can be beneficial
Circulating leukocytes - ANSWER: neutrophils, monocytes
tissue-resident sentinel cells - ANSWER: macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells
-release pro-inflammatory cytokines
-all have innate receptors
Neutrophils - ANSWER: have innate immune receptors, activation leads to internalization of microbe and
receptor; short life span, die by apoptosis; most abundant WBC
monocytes - ANSWER: turn into macrophages in tissue that can eat dead cells and neutrophils
dendritic cell - ANSWER: -antigen presenting cell
-secrete cytokines after microbe binds to innate receptor
mast cell - ANSWER: degranulate and release inflammatory mediators like histmine
-important in allergy
Macrophages - ANSWER: phagocytize foreign substances, secrete cytokines, eat neutrophils
leukocytes - ANSWER: Known as white blood cells (WBCs), there are five kinds in two groups: granulocytes &
agranulocytes
Lymphocytes - ANSWER: NK, T cells, b cells
-originate from common lymphoid progenitor
,innate immunity characteristics - ANSWER: react quickly, in same exact way for repeat infection, present
before infection
-cause inflammation
-limited number of microbes it can respond to
adaptive immunity characteristics - ANSWER: -specific
-systemic-travel continuously through body
-has memory
-late responders
-response due to recognition of a specific antigen
Process of innate inflammatory response - ANSWER: 1. mirobes enter tissue and sentinel cells recognize and
bind, release cytokines
2. cytokines bind to endothelium and increase expressing of adhesion molecules on lumen side
3. circulating leukocytes attach to adhesion molecules and are released into tissue
4. phagocytic cells kill
5. homeostasis restored
Neutrophil-Endothelium Interaction - ANSWER: -ICAM-1 on endo binds to LFA-1 on neutrophil=stable arrest
-E-selection on endo binds to e-selectin ligand on neutrophil=lower affinity, rolling
adhesion molecules on endothelium - ANSWER: ICAM-1 and E-selection
adhesion molecule ligands on leukocytes - ANSWER: LFA-1 and e-selectin ligand
pus - ANSWER: -fluid
-live and dead neutrophils
-DNA from neutrophils
-bacteria
, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - ANSWER: molecules that are common on pathogens but
not expressed in vertebrate cells
Bacteria common PAMPs - ANSWER: flagellin
-Gram +: lipopolysaccharide
-gram -: peptidogylcans, teichoic acids
viral PAMPs - ANSWER: ssRNA, dsRNA, dsDNA
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) - ANSWER: receptors on cell surface and in endosome that bind PAMPs
and activate immune response
-Toll-like receptors (TLRs) most common
PAMPs and PRRs - ANSWER: Microbes contain and release PAMPs —> activate PRRs of innate cells→
production of cytokines OR activate the antiviral state
endosomal TLRs - ANSWER: specific for nucleic acids
-activate pathway to induce type 1 interferon secretion
-antiviral state!
Anti-viral state process - ANSWER: 1. viral molecules bind to endosomal TLR on pDCs
2. binding signals for phosphorylation of transcription factors that go to nucleus to produce IFN genes
3. Type 1 IFNs released, trigger IFN receptors on neighboring cells to induce synthesis of protective proteins
4. antiviral state induced
*protective proteins in all cells, but only cells with dsRNA from virus will die
plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) - ANSWER: sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases type 1 IFN
Type 1 Interferon (IFN) - ANSWER: cytokines that activate antiviral state
microbes - ANSWER: virus, bacteria, protozoans, multicellular parasite
commensal microorganisms - ANSWER: a microorganism that habitually lives on or in the human body; one
that normally causes no disease or harm and can be beneficial
Circulating leukocytes - ANSWER: neutrophils, monocytes
tissue-resident sentinel cells - ANSWER: macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells
-release pro-inflammatory cytokines
-all have innate receptors
Neutrophils - ANSWER: have innate immune receptors, activation leads to internalization of microbe and
receptor; short life span, die by apoptosis; most abundant WBC
monocytes - ANSWER: turn into macrophages in tissue that can eat dead cells and neutrophils
dendritic cell - ANSWER: -antigen presenting cell
-secrete cytokines after microbe binds to innate receptor
mast cell - ANSWER: degranulate and release inflammatory mediators like histmine
-important in allergy
Macrophages - ANSWER: phagocytize foreign substances, secrete cytokines, eat neutrophils
leukocytes - ANSWER: Known as white blood cells (WBCs), there are five kinds in two groups: granulocytes &
agranulocytes
Lymphocytes - ANSWER: NK, T cells, b cells
-originate from common lymphoid progenitor
,innate immunity characteristics - ANSWER: react quickly, in same exact way for repeat infection, present
before infection
-cause inflammation
-limited number of microbes it can respond to
adaptive immunity characteristics - ANSWER: -specific
-systemic-travel continuously through body
-has memory
-late responders
-response due to recognition of a specific antigen
Process of innate inflammatory response - ANSWER: 1. mirobes enter tissue and sentinel cells recognize and
bind, release cytokines
2. cytokines bind to endothelium and increase expressing of adhesion molecules on lumen side
3. circulating leukocytes attach to adhesion molecules and are released into tissue
4. phagocytic cells kill
5. homeostasis restored
Neutrophil-Endothelium Interaction - ANSWER: -ICAM-1 on endo binds to LFA-1 on neutrophil=stable arrest
-E-selection on endo binds to e-selectin ligand on neutrophil=lower affinity, rolling
adhesion molecules on endothelium - ANSWER: ICAM-1 and E-selection
adhesion molecule ligands on leukocytes - ANSWER: LFA-1 and e-selectin ligand
pus - ANSWER: -fluid
-live and dead neutrophils
-DNA from neutrophils
-bacteria
, Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - ANSWER: molecules that are common on pathogens but
not expressed in vertebrate cells
Bacteria common PAMPs - ANSWER: flagellin
-Gram +: lipopolysaccharide
-gram -: peptidogylcans, teichoic acids
viral PAMPs - ANSWER: ssRNA, dsRNA, dsDNA
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) - ANSWER: receptors on cell surface and in endosome that bind PAMPs
and activate immune response
-Toll-like receptors (TLRs) most common
PAMPs and PRRs - ANSWER: Microbes contain and release PAMPs —> activate PRRs of innate cells→
production of cytokines OR activate the antiviral state
endosomal TLRs - ANSWER: specific for nucleic acids
-activate pathway to induce type 1 interferon secretion
-antiviral state!
Anti-viral state process - ANSWER: 1. viral molecules bind to endosomal TLR on pDCs
2. binding signals for phosphorylation of transcription factors that go to nucleus to produce IFN genes
3. Type 1 IFNs released, trigger IFN receptors on neighboring cells to induce synthesis of protective proteins
4. antiviral state induced
*protective proteins in all cells, but only cells with dsRNA from virus will die
plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) - ANSWER: sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases type 1 IFN
Type 1 Interferon (IFN) - ANSWER: cytokines that activate antiviral state
