NURS 504 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
EXAM 2025/2026 BANK COMPLETE 450
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS)
/ALREADY GRADED A+
Brain injury caused by compromised systemic circulation
with hypotension, shock or inadequate pulmonary
ventilation - ....ANSWER...Tertiary brain injury
Injury on the pole opposite the site of impact -
....ANSWER...Contrecoup
Injury directly below the point of impact -
....ANSWER...Coup injury
Observable brain lesion
Contusions (bruise)
Intracranial bleeding
,Cerebral edema - ....ANSWER...Focal brain injuries
In focal brain injury, the force of impact typically
produces ______________ - ....ANSWER...Contusions
Extradural (epidural) hemorrhage or hematoma
Subdural hematoma
Intracerebral hematoma
Caused by... - ....ANSWER...Caused by contusions
Immediate loss of consciousness
Loss of reflexes resulting in falling to the ground
Cessation of respiration
Brief period of bradycardia
Decreases in BP - ....ANSWER...Clinical manifestations of
contusion
85% arterial bleeding
15% meningeal vein or dural sinus injury
90% have a skull fracture
,The temporal fossa is the most common site of extradural
hematoma caused by injury to the middle meningeal
artery or vein - ....ANSWER...Extradural hematoma
10% to 20% of persons with traumatic brain injury
MVAs are the most common cause
50% associated with skull fractures
Falls (older adults, substance abuse) -
....ANSWER...Subdural hematoma
Develops within 48 hours
Often located at the top of the skull
Headache, drowsiness, restlessness or agitation, slowed
cognition and confusion
May progress to temporal lobe herniation - loss of
consciousness, respiratory pattern changes, pupillary
dilation - ....ANSWER...Acute subdural hematoma
Develops over weeks to months
Older adults or alcohol abuse
, 80% complain of chronic headaches and have tenderness
at site of injury
Observed as progressive dementia - ....ANSWER...Chronic
subdural hematoma
Associated with MVA and falls
Uncontrolled hypertension
Acts as an expanding mass
Increased ICP and compression of brain tissues with
resultant edema
Decreasing consciousness
Contralateral hemiplegia - ....ANSWER...Intracerebral
Hemorrhage
Decrease ICP and allow hematoma to reabsorb -
....ANSWER...Treatment of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Shaking, inertial effect
Acceleration/deceleration
Axonal damage
Shearing, tearing, or stretching of nerve fibers
EXAM 2025/2026 BANK COMPLETE 450
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS)
/ALREADY GRADED A+
Brain injury caused by compromised systemic circulation
with hypotension, shock or inadequate pulmonary
ventilation - ....ANSWER...Tertiary brain injury
Injury on the pole opposite the site of impact -
....ANSWER...Contrecoup
Injury directly below the point of impact -
....ANSWER...Coup injury
Observable brain lesion
Contusions (bruise)
Intracranial bleeding
,Cerebral edema - ....ANSWER...Focal brain injuries
In focal brain injury, the force of impact typically
produces ______________ - ....ANSWER...Contusions
Extradural (epidural) hemorrhage or hematoma
Subdural hematoma
Intracerebral hematoma
Caused by... - ....ANSWER...Caused by contusions
Immediate loss of consciousness
Loss of reflexes resulting in falling to the ground
Cessation of respiration
Brief period of bradycardia
Decreases in BP - ....ANSWER...Clinical manifestations of
contusion
85% arterial bleeding
15% meningeal vein or dural sinus injury
90% have a skull fracture
,The temporal fossa is the most common site of extradural
hematoma caused by injury to the middle meningeal
artery or vein - ....ANSWER...Extradural hematoma
10% to 20% of persons with traumatic brain injury
MVAs are the most common cause
50% associated with skull fractures
Falls (older adults, substance abuse) -
....ANSWER...Subdural hematoma
Develops within 48 hours
Often located at the top of the skull
Headache, drowsiness, restlessness or agitation, slowed
cognition and confusion
May progress to temporal lobe herniation - loss of
consciousness, respiratory pattern changes, pupillary
dilation - ....ANSWER...Acute subdural hematoma
Develops over weeks to months
Older adults or alcohol abuse
, 80% complain of chronic headaches and have tenderness
at site of injury
Observed as progressive dementia - ....ANSWER...Chronic
subdural hematoma
Associated with MVA and falls
Uncontrolled hypertension
Acts as an expanding mass
Increased ICP and compression of brain tissues with
resultant edema
Decreasing consciousness
Contralateral hemiplegia - ....ANSWER...Intracerebral
Hemorrhage
Decrease ICP and allow hematoma to reabsorb -
....ANSWER...Treatment of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Shaking, inertial effect
Acceleration/deceleration
Axonal damage
Shearing, tearing, or stretching of nerve fibers
