ATH 155- Final Exam (2025) Actual Exam
Questions and Answers A+ Graded
Phonology .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .study .of .sounds .and .language .(pg.298)
Phoneme: .basic .unit .of .sound .that .distinguishes .different .morphemes
Morphology .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .study .of .how .words .are .put .together, .in
.linguistics, .the .study .of .the .minimal .units .of .meaning .in .a .language .(pg. .298) .
Morpheme: .smallest .language .unit .that .carries .a .semantic .interpretation
Syntax .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .study .of .sentence .structure .(pg. .299)
how .words .are .put .together .to .create .meaningful .utterances
rules .that .govern .the .ways .words .are .put .together .to .make .sentences
Lexicon .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .vocabulary .of .a .language
Dialects .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-varying .forms .of .a .language
Language .variety .used .by .a .particular .group .of .speakers
Mutually .intelligible .with .other .forms .of .the .language
Differ .in .systematic .ways .from .other .forms
Accent .(pronunciation .differences)
Lexical .differencese.g., .pail .or .bucket, .faucet .or .spigot
.Syntactic .differencee.g., .standing .on .line .(New .York)
vs.
standing .in .line .(other .dialects))
What .is .language? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-System .of .communication .transmitted
.through .learning .and .enculturation.
*Based .on .arbitrary, .learned .association
.-No .intrinsic .relation .between .communication .element .and
thing/event .to .which .it .refers .(vs. .iconic .relationship)
*Dynamic .and .productive
.-Elements .of .communication .system .can .be .combined .to .form .new .meanings
.that .can .be .understood .without .having .heard .the .words .before.
How .is .language .studied .(past .and .present)? .Think .about .the .questions
.historical .linguists .ask .compared .to .sociolinguists. .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Archaeological .approaches .- .limited .because .evidence .is .indirect
Non-human .primate .communication
, .-Nonhuman .communication .systems .Lots .of .olfactory .signaling .Closed .vocal
.repertoires .Limited .to .present .moment
Paleontological .approaches
.-Fossil .remains .provide .evidence .about .Position .of .larynxDegree .of .tongue
.enervation .Sophistication .of .breathing .control .Gross .structure .of .brain
Linguistic .reconstructions .of .intermediate .forms .of .language
Protolanguage
.reconstructed .language
e.g., .Proto-Indo-European .
Cognates
.words .that .are .similar .in .sound .and .meaning .Dialects .
varying .forms .of .a .language
Language .Trees
Trace .historical .relations .among .languages
Construct .history .of .peoples .(as .well .as .languages)
Cultural .influences .on .language .
Lexical .content .(vocabulary)
Core .vocabulary .(nonspecialist .vocabulary) .Grammar
Sapir-Whorf .Hypothesis
Sociolinguistics:
Within .a .language .group, .consistent .variation .exists .among .people .across .a
.number .of .spectra .of .social .stratification
.Class .Ethnic .community .Gender
How .do .humans .differ .from .other .primates .in .their .use .of .language? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Differences .in .the .hyoid .bone .and .angle .at .base .of .skull
.mean .great .apes .cannot .produce .the .same .range .of .sounds .as .humans
Structures .between .lips .and .larynx .are .very .different
Chimp .tongue .unable .to .move .to .the .appropriate .position .for .many .of .the
.sounds .we .make .(e.g., .[a], .[i], .[u]).
Apes .use .Gestures
New .research .shows .monkeys .can .speak .but .lack .necessary .brain .wiring .to
.pronounce .it .and..Kebara .2 .(60 .kya) .Neanderthal .hyoid .suggests .vocal
.capabilities .similar .to .modern .humans
FOXP2 .gene .that .permits .fine .lip .and .tongue .movements .of .speech .around .150
.kya
Apes .can .use .Symbols
Language .Trained .Chimpanzees
What .is .the .linguistic .relativity .principle .(i.e., .the .Sapir-Whorf .hypothesis)? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-One's .native .language .forms .a .series .of .categoriesthat .act
.as .a .grid .through .which .one .perceives .the .world
Hopi: .future/imaginary/hypothetical .
English: .future .(unqualified)
Portuguese: .future .subjunctive
Linguistic .relativity: .speakers .of .different .languages .see .the .world .differently
Strong .form:
Questions and Answers A+ Graded
Phonology .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .study .of .sounds .and .language .(pg.298)
Phoneme: .basic .unit .of .sound .that .distinguishes .different .morphemes
Morphology .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .study .of .how .words .are .put .together, .in
.linguistics, .the .study .of .the .minimal .units .of .meaning .in .a .language .(pg. .298) .
Morpheme: .smallest .language .unit .that .carries .a .semantic .interpretation
Syntax .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .study .of .sentence .structure .(pg. .299)
how .words .are .put .together .to .create .meaningful .utterances
rules .that .govern .the .ways .words .are .put .together .to .make .sentences
Lexicon .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .vocabulary .of .a .language
Dialects .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-varying .forms .of .a .language
Language .variety .used .by .a .particular .group .of .speakers
Mutually .intelligible .with .other .forms .of .the .language
Differ .in .systematic .ways .from .other .forms
Accent .(pronunciation .differences)
Lexical .differencese.g., .pail .or .bucket, .faucet .or .spigot
.Syntactic .differencee.g., .standing .on .line .(New .York)
vs.
standing .in .line .(other .dialects))
What .is .language? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-System .of .communication .transmitted
.through .learning .and .enculturation.
*Based .on .arbitrary, .learned .association
.-No .intrinsic .relation .between .communication .element .and
thing/event .to .which .it .refers .(vs. .iconic .relationship)
*Dynamic .and .productive
.-Elements .of .communication .system .can .be .combined .to .form .new .meanings
.that .can .be .understood .without .having .heard .the .words .before.
How .is .language .studied .(past .and .present)? .Think .about .the .questions
.historical .linguists .ask .compared .to .sociolinguists. .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Archaeological .approaches .- .limited .because .evidence .is .indirect
Non-human .primate .communication
, .-Nonhuman .communication .systems .Lots .of .olfactory .signaling .Closed .vocal
.repertoires .Limited .to .present .moment
Paleontological .approaches
.-Fossil .remains .provide .evidence .about .Position .of .larynxDegree .of .tongue
.enervation .Sophistication .of .breathing .control .Gross .structure .of .brain
Linguistic .reconstructions .of .intermediate .forms .of .language
Protolanguage
.reconstructed .language
e.g., .Proto-Indo-European .
Cognates
.words .that .are .similar .in .sound .and .meaning .Dialects .
varying .forms .of .a .language
Language .Trees
Trace .historical .relations .among .languages
Construct .history .of .peoples .(as .well .as .languages)
Cultural .influences .on .language .
Lexical .content .(vocabulary)
Core .vocabulary .(nonspecialist .vocabulary) .Grammar
Sapir-Whorf .Hypothesis
Sociolinguistics:
Within .a .language .group, .consistent .variation .exists .among .people .across .a
.number .of .spectra .of .social .stratification
.Class .Ethnic .community .Gender
How .do .humans .differ .from .other .primates .in .their .use .of .language? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-Differences .in .the .hyoid .bone .and .angle .at .base .of .skull
.mean .great .apes .cannot .produce .the .same .range .of .sounds .as .humans
Structures .between .lips .and .larynx .are .very .different
Chimp .tongue .unable .to .move .to .the .appropriate .position .for .many .of .the
.sounds .we .make .(e.g., .[a], .[i], .[u]).
Apes .use .Gestures
New .research .shows .monkeys .can .speak .but .lack .necessary .brain .wiring .to
.pronounce .it .and..Kebara .2 .(60 .kya) .Neanderthal .hyoid .suggests .vocal
.capabilities .similar .to .modern .humans
FOXP2 .gene .that .permits .fine .lip .and .tongue .movements .of .speech .around .150
.kya
Apes .can .use .Symbols
Language .Trained .Chimpanzees
What .is .the .linguistic .relativity .principle .(i.e., .the .Sapir-Whorf .hypothesis)? .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-One's .native .language .forms .a .series .of .categoriesthat .act
.as .a .grid .through .which .one .perceives .the .world
Hopi: .future/imaginary/hypothetical .
English: .future .(unqualified)
Portuguese: .future .subjunctive
Linguistic .relativity: .speakers .of .different .languages .see .the .world .differently
Strong .form:
