NURSG 546 - EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION /LATEST UPDATE.
Where is majority of body water located? ~CORRECT ANSWER~intracellularly
Define interstitial fluid ~CORRECT ANSWER~fluid between cells
What is one liter of water in kilograms? ~CORRECT ANSWER~1 kg (2.2 lbs)
What is the normal serum value for phosphate? ~CORRECT ANSWER~3.0-4.5 mg/dL
What is the normal serum value for sodium? ~CORRECT ANSWER~135-145 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for potassium? ~CORRECT ANSWER~3.5-5.0 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for magnesium? ~CORRECT ANSWER~1.3-2.1 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for calcium? ~CORRECT ANSWER~9-11 mg/dL
What is a hypotonic solution? ~CORRECT ANSWER~when the solute concentration is
lower outside the cell, the cell will swell
What is a hypertonic solution? ~CORRECT ANSWER~Solute concentration is greater
than that inside the cell; cell loses water
,What causes edema? ~CORRECT ANSWER~fluid moves from capillaries to interstitial
fluid
What is second spacing? ~CORRECT ANSWER~abnormal accumulation of interstitial
fluid (edema)
What is third spacing? ~CORRECT ANSWER~fluid accumulates in a nonfunctional area
between cells and it is difficult for it to move back into cells or blood vessels
What is the function of aldosterone? ~CORRECT ANSWER~It increases Na+
reabsorption and K+ secretion
What are the functions of ANP and BNP? ~CORRECT ANSWER~they are natural
antagonists to aldosterone and hormones made by cardiomyoctes, so when atrial pressure
is too high they allow for excretion of sodium and water
What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia? ~CORRECT
ANSWER~restlessness, agitation, lethargy, coma, intense thirst, dry swollen tongue,
postural hypotension, weight loss, increased pulse, weakness, muscle cramps
What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia? ~CORRECT
ANSWER~irritability, confusion, dizziness, tremors, seizures, coma, postural
hypotension, increased pulse, vomiting
How is hypernatremia treated? ~CORRECT ANSWER~IV fluids - hypotonic, isotonic
, What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia? ~CORRECT ANSWER~tall
peaked T waves, confusion, tetany, muscle cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, weakness,
abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea
What is the treatment for hyperkalemia? ~CORRECT ANSWER~Kayexalate (potassium
binder), diuretics, dialysis, IV insulin, IV calcium
What are the clinical manifestations of hypokalemia? ~CORRECT ANSWER~fatigue,
muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, shallow respirations, weak pulse, flattened T wave,
paralytic ileus, hyperglycemia
Why is potassium not given IV push or bolus? ~CORRECT ANSWER~because
potassium is irritating to the veins and can cause cardiac arrest
What are the clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia? ~CORRECT ANSWER~bone
pain, fractures, lethargy, hallucinations, seizures, coma, cardiac dysrhythmias
With what electrolyte value would you see a positive Trousseau and/or Chvostek sign?
~CORRECT ANSWER~hypocalcemia
What are the clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia? ~CORRECT ANSWER~-positive
Trousseau sign
-positive Chvostek sign
-hyperreflexias
-tetany
-seizures
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION /LATEST UPDATE.
Where is majority of body water located? ~CORRECT ANSWER~intracellularly
Define interstitial fluid ~CORRECT ANSWER~fluid between cells
What is one liter of water in kilograms? ~CORRECT ANSWER~1 kg (2.2 lbs)
What is the normal serum value for phosphate? ~CORRECT ANSWER~3.0-4.5 mg/dL
What is the normal serum value for sodium? ~CORRECT ANSWER~135-145 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for potassium? ~CORRECT ANSWER~3.5-5.0 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for magnesium? ~CORRECT ANSWER~1.3-2.1 mEq/L
What is the normal serum value for calcium? ~CORRECT ANSWER~9-11 mg/dL
What is a hypotonic solution? ~CORRECT ANSWER~when the solute concentration is
lower outside the cell, the cell will swell
What is a hypertonic solution? ~CORRECT ANSWER~Solute concentration is greater
than that inside the cell; cell loses water
,What causes edema? ~CORRECT ANSWER~fluid moves from capillaries to interstitial
fluid
What is second spacing? ~CORRECT ANSWER~abnormal accumulation of interstitial
fluid (edema)
What is third spacing? ~CORRECT ANSWER~fluid accumulates in a nonfunctional area
between cells and it is difficult for it to move back into cells or blood vessels
What is the function of aldosterone? ~CORRECT ANSWER~It increases Na+
reabsorption and K+ secretion
What are the functions of ANP and BNP? ~CORRECT ANSWER~they are natural
antagonists to aldosterone and hormones made by cardiomyoctes, so when atrial pressure
is too high they allow for excretion of sodium and water
What are the clinical manifestations of hypernatremia? ~CORRECT
ANSWER~restlessness, agitation, lethargy, coma, intense thirst, dry swollen tongue,
postural hypotension, weight loss, increased pulse, weakness, muscle cramps
What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia? ~CORRECT
ANSWER~irritability, confusion, dizziness, tremors, seizures, coma, postural
hypotension, increased pulse, vomiting
How is hypernatremia treated? ~CORRECT ANSWER~IV fluids - hypotonic, isotonic
, What are the clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia? ~CORRECT ANSWER~tall
peaked T waves, confusion, tetany, muscle cramps, fatigue, paresthesias, weakness,
abdominal cramping, vomiting, diarrhea
What is the treatment for hyperkalemia? ~CORRECT ANSWER~Kayexalate (potassium
binder), diuretics, dialysis, IV insulin, IV calcium
What are the clinical manifestations of hypokalemia? ~CORRECT ANSWER~fatigue,
muscle weakness, decreased reflexes, shallow respirations, weak pulse, flattened T wave,
paralytic ileus, hyperglycemia
Why is potassium not given IV push or bolus? ~CORRECT ANSWER~because
potassium is irritating to the veins and can cause cardiac arrest
What are the clinical manifestations of hypercalcemia? ~CORRECT ANSWER~bone
pain, fractures, lethargy, hallucinations, seizures, coma, cardiac dysrhythmias
With what electrolyte value would you see a positive Trousseau and/or Chvostek sign?
~CORRECT ANSWER~hypocalcemia
What are the clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia? ~CORRECT ANSWER~-positive
Trousseau sign
-positive Chvostek sign
-hyperreflexias
-tetany
-seizures
