NAVLE EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 100% ACC n n n n n
URATE SOLUTIONS n
A 1 year-
n n
old Thoroughbred stallion is presented with difficulty walking for the past week.
n n n n n n n n n n n n
Examination reveals ataxia in the pelvic limbs and there is a tendency for him to over
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
reach in all four limbs when ambulating.
n n n n n n
Which one of the following choices is the most common cause of these signs in the ho
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
rse? n
A - Tetanus
n n
B - Botulism
n n
C - Cervical vertebral malformation/malarticulation
n n n n
D - Lead toxicity
n n n
E - Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation/malarticulation - Precise Answer ✔✔...
n n n n n n n
A 1-
n
year old female spayed Doberman Pinscher has presented after being hit by a car. Init
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ial chest radiographs show mild contusions, and the patient appears to be otherwise st
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
able. A right mid-
n n n
shaft long oblique femoral fracture has been identified. Routine pre-
n n n n n n n n n
operative blood work is unremarkable. A buccal mucosal bleeding test (BMBT) is el
n n n n n n n n n n n n
evated at 6 minutes. What will you administer prior to surgery?
n n n n n n n n n n
Whole blood transfusion n n
Vitamin K n
,Desmopressin acetate n
1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol -
n n
nPrecise Answer ✔✔The correct answer is desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). Adminis
n n n n n n n n n
tration of desmopressin results in release of von Willebrand factor, which will help th
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
is patient with clotting. Given this dog's breed and elevated BMBT there is a very stro
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ng likelihood she is afflicted with von Willebrand's disease. In Dobermans this result
n n n n n n n n n n n n
s in an inability to form a clot. This can be life threatening if the dog is taken to surger
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
y. n
A whole blood transfusion does not provide an adequate source of von Willebrand fa
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ctor but may be necessary if the patient's bleeding cannot be controlled despite appro
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
priate pre- n
operative measures. 1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol is the active form of vitamin D whic
n n n n n n n n n n n
h aids intestinal resorption of calcium. The BMBT does not assess factors 2, 7, 9, or 1
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
0 and therefore vitamin K is not indicated.
n n n n n n n
A 10- n
year old Golden Retriever has presented for a progressive onset of exercise intoleranc
n n n n n n n n n n n n
e and voice change. On physical exam the patient is noted to have a 7/9 body conditio
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
n score. Mucous membranes are pink. Capillary refill time is less than 2 seconds. Lun
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
g sounds are clear bilaterally. Stridorous breathing is noted on inspiration. Laryngeal
n n n n n n n n n n n n
paralysis is suspected and a sedated laryngeal exam has been recommended. The ow
n n n n n n n n n n n n
ner agrees to routine blood work, chest radiographs, and a laryngeal examination. W
n n n n n n n n n n n n
hich of the following medications will help assist in evaluation of laryngeal function?
n n n n n n n n n n n n
Propofol
Dopamine
Ketamine
Doxapram
Diphenhydramine - n
nPrecise Answer ✔✔Doxapram is a central nervous stimulant that has effects on respi
n n n n n n n n n n n n
ratory centers. It is thought that it may work by stimulating the reflex activation of car
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
otid and aortic chemoreceptors. At one point, it was used in critical care patients duri
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
,ng resuscitation efforts; however, this has fallen out of favor since doxapram results i
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
n increased work associated with respiration without an increased amount of arterial
n n n n n n n n n n n n
oxygenation. When performing a laryngeal exam, the goal is to have the patient just d
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
eep enough so you can perform a laryngeal exam. Injectable anesthetics such as thiop
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ental or propofol are used. Overzealous administration of these can result in a false di
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
agnosis of laryngeal paralysis and it is therefore recommended to administer Doxapr
n n n n n n n n n n n
am to help stimulate respiration and definitively confirm your diagnosis.
n n n n n n n n n n
Ketamine is an NMDA antagonist and can result in increased jaw tone as well as over
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
all muscle tone. Although its cardiopulmonary effects are minimal, it does not stimul
n n n n n n n n n n n n
ate respiration. n n
Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine and acts on alpha and beta-
n n n n n n n n n n n
1 receptors. It is typically used in critical care settings to help increase blood pressure
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
. n
Diphenhydramine is the antihistamine also known as Benadryl. It competitively inhi n n n n n n n n n n
bits histamine at H1 receptors. Along with its antihistamine properties, it has sedative
n n n n n n n n n n n n
and anti-tussive effects.
n n n n
Propofol is a rapid acting injectable anesthetic which can result in hypotension, brady
n n n n n n n n n n n n
cardia, and apnea. n n
A 10- n
year old male castrated domestic short hair presents for lethargy. A blood smear sho
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ws Heinz bodies in the erythrocytes, and the blood is grossly brown in color. Which o
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
f the following is responsible for causing these changes in the blood of this cat?
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Chocolate toxicity n
Lily ingestion n
Aspirin administration n
, Acetaminophen administration n
Rodenticide toxicity - Precise Answer ✔✔Explanation - n n n n n n
nThe correct answer is acetaminophen administration. The cat has signs of methemog
n n n n n n n n n n n
lobinemia, which is caused by oxidative damage to the hemoglobin. Heinz bodies are
n n n n n n n n n n n n
nusually present in animals with methemoglobinemia. Acetaminophen causes oxidati
n n n n n n n n
ve damage to cat blood due to the cat's inability to metabolize the drug efficiently.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
A 13- n
year old male castrated domestic long hair presents for polyphagia, weight loss, and v
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
omiting. The owner notes that the cat appears restless, more active, and more aggress
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ive than before. Which test would diagnose the most likely cause for these signs?
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Liver panel n
Gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy n n
Abdominal ultrasound n
Renal panel and urinalysis n n n
Serum T4 - Precise Answer ✔✔Serum T4n n n n n n
Explanation - n
nThe correct answer is serum T4. This cat is most likely hyperthyroid. Polyphagia, we
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ight loss, and hyperactivity are classical clinical signs in a cat with hyperthyroidism.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Other signs might include a dull haircoat, PU/PD, vomiting, diarrhea, and aggression
n n n n n n n n n n n
. Lethargy, anorexia, and weakness are uncommon but can occur in a condition apath
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
etic hypothyroidism.n
A 2 year old male castrated Boxer presents for exercise intolerance and syncopal epis
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
odes. Cardiac auscultation reveals a 4/6 left systolic murmur heard best at the base of
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
the heart. Thoracic radiographs show a mildly enlarged left ventricle and left atrium,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
and segmental enlargement of the ascending aorta. What is the most likely diagnosis?
n n n n n n n n n n n n
Boxer cardiomyopathy n
URATE SOLUTIONS n
A 1 year-
n n
old Thoroughbred stallion is presented with difficulty walking for the past week.
n n n n n n n n n n n n
Examination reveals ataxia in the pelvic limbs and there is a tendency for him to over
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
reach in all four limbs when ambulating.
n n n n n n
Which one of the following choices is the most common cause of these signs in the ho
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
rse? n
A - Tetanus
n n
B - Botulism
n n
C - Cervical vertebral malformation/malarticulation
n n n n
D - Lead toxicity
n n n
E - Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation/malarticulation - Precise Answer ✔✔...
n n n n n n n
A 1-
n
year old female spayed Doberman Pinscher has presented after being hit by a car. Init
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ial chest radiographs show mild contusions, and the patient appears to be otherwise st
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
able. A right mid-
n n n
shaft long oblique femoral fracture has been identified. Routine pre-
n n n n n n n n n
operative blood work is unremarkable. A buccal mucosal bleeding test (BMBT) is el
n n n n n n n n n n n n
evated at 6 minutes. What will you administer prior to surgery?
n n n n n n n n n n
Whole blood transfusion n n
Vitamin K n
,Desmopressin acetate n
1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol -
n n
nPrecise Answer ✔✔The correct answer is desmopressin acetate (DDAVP). Adminis
n n n n n n n n n
tration of desmopressin results in release of von Willebrand factor, which will help th
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
is patient with clotting. Given this dog's breed and elevated BMBT there is a very stro
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ng likelihood she is afflicted with von Willebrand's disease. In Dobermans this result
n n n n n n n n n n n n
s in an inability to form a clot. This can be life threatening if the dog is taken to surger
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
y. n
A whole blood transfusion does not provide an adequate source of von Willebrand fa
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ctor but may be necessary if the patient's bleeding cannot be controlled despite appro
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
priate pre- n
operative measures. 1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol is the active form of vitamin D whic
n n n n n n n n n n n
h aids intestinal resorption of calcium. The BMBT does not assess factors 2, 7, 9, or 1
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
0 and therefore vitamin K is not indicated.
n n n n n n n
A 10- n
year old Golden Retriever has presented for a progressive onset of exercise intoleranc
n n n n n n n n n n n n
e and voice change. On physical exam the patient is noted to have a 7/9 body conditio
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
n score. Mucous membranes are pink. Capillary refill time is less than 2 seconds. Lun
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
g sounds are clear bilaterally. Stridorous breathing is noted on inspiration. Laryngeal
n n n n n n n n n n n n
paralysis is suspected and a sedated laryngeal exam has been recommended. The ow
n n n n n n n n n n n n
ner agrees to routine blood work, chest radiographs, and a laryngeal examination. W
n n n n n n n n n n n n
hich of the following medications will help assist in evaluation of laryngeal function?
n n n n n n n n n n n n
Propofol
Dopamine
Ketamine
Doxapram
Diphenhydramine - n
nPrecise Answer ✔✔Doxapram is a central nervous stimulant that has effects on respi
n n n n n n n n n n n n
ratory centers. It is thought that it may work by stimulating the reflex activation of car
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
otid and aortic chemoreceptors. At one point, it was used in critical care patients duri
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
,ng resuscitation efforts; however, this has fallen out of favor since doxapram results i
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
n increased work associated with respiration without an increased amount of arterial
n n n n n n n n n n n n
oxygenation. When performing a laryngeal exam, the goal is to have the patient just d
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
eep enough so you can perform a laryngeal exam. Injectable anesthetics such as thiop
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ental or propofol are used. Overzealous administration of these can result in a false di
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
agnosis of laryngeal paralysis and it is therefore recommended to administer Doxapr
n n n n n n n n n n n
am to help stimulate respiration and definitively confirm your diagnosis.
n n n n n n n n n n
Ketamine is an NMDA antagonist and can result in increased jaw tone as well as over
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
all muscle tone. Although its cardiopulmonary effects are minimal, it does not stimul
n n n n n n n n n n n n
ate respiration. n n
Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine and acts on alpha and beta-
n n n n n n n n n n n
1 receptors. It is typically used in critical care settings to help increase blood pressure
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
. n
Diphenhydramine is the antihistamine also known as Benadryl. It competitively inhi n n n n n n n n n n
bits histamine at H1 receptors. Along with its antihistamine properties, it has sedative
n n n n n n n n n n n n
and anti-tussive effects.
n n n n
Propofol is a rapid acting injectable anesthetic which can result in hypotension, brady
n n n n n n n n n n n n
cardia, and apnea. n n
A 10- n
year old male castrated domestic short hair presents for lethargy. A blood smear sho
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ws Heinz bodies in the erythrocytes, and the blood is grossly brown in color. Which o
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
f the following is responsible for causing these changes in the blood of this cat?
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Chocolate toxicity n
Lily ingestion n
Aspirin administration n
, Acetaminophen administration n
Rodenticide toxicity - Precise Answer ✔✔Explanation - n n n n n n
nThe correct answer is acetaminophen administration. The cat has signs of methemog
n n n n n n n n n n n
lobinemia, which is caused by oxidative damage to the hemoglobin. Heinz bodies are
n n n n n n n n n n n n
nusually present in animals with methemoglobinemia. Acetaminophen causes oxidati
n n n n n n n n
ve damage to cat blood due to the cat's inability to metabolize the drug efficiently.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
A 13- n
year old male castrated domestic long hair presents for polyphagia, weight loss, and v
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
omiting. The owner notes that the cat appears restless, more active, and more aggress
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ive than before. Which test would diagnose the most likely cause for these signs?
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Liver panel n
Gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy n n
Abdominal ultrasound n
Renal panel and urinalysis n n n
Serum T4 - Precise Answer ✔✔Serum T4n n n n n n
Explanation - n
nThe correct answer is serum T4. This cat is most likely hyperthyroid. Polyphagia, we
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
ight loss, and hyperactivity are classical clinical signs in a cat with hyperthyroidism.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Other signs might include a dull haircoat, PU/PD, vomiting, diarrhea, and aggression
n n n n n n n n n n n
. Lethargy, anorexia, and weakness are uncommon but can occur in a condition apath
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
etic hypothyroidism.n
A 2 year old male castrated Boxer presents for exercise intolerance and syncopal epis
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
odes. Cardiac auscultation reveals a 4/6 left systolic murmur heard best at the base of
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
the heart. Thoracic radiographs show a mildly enlarged left ventricle and left atrium,
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
and segmental enlargement of the ascending aorta. What is the most likely diagnosis?
n n n n n n n n n n n n
Boxer cardiomyopathy n
