NRSG 265 examination Questions
2024/2025 with detailed answers
A+
GLUT-4s are not activated and glucose cannot be taken up by
cells
Glucose continues to be released by liver - insulin is not
available to regulate this release. Increased production of
glucagon --> continued glucose not being taken up by the cells -
-> hyperglycaemia
T1DM Clinical Manifestations - ANSWER-The 3 P's (polydipsia,
polyuria, and polyphagia), fatigue, weight loss, N & V
abdominal pain, confusion, weakness, tachycardia, ketonic
breath, tachycardia, tachypnoea, metabolic acidosis, seizures,
coma
T1DM acute complications - ANSWER-hypoglycaemia, DKA
T1DM management - ANSWER-Insulin, BGL monitoring, meal
planning, annual health checks, exercise plan
T2DM causes - ANSWER-caused by insulin resistance at target
tissues and a relative insulin deficiency
,T2DM risk factors - ANSWER-genetic factors and family history,
overweight and obese, hx of gestational diabetes
T2DM pathophysiology - ANSWER-Decreased beta cell
responsiveness to increased glucose levels, decreased insulin
production, increased insulin resistance at the cell (reduction in
number of binding sites, decreased in the amount of insulin
biding to the receptors)
What can cause respiratory acidosis? - ANSWER-Opioid
overdose
Where is sodium primarily reabsorbed in the nephrons -
ANSWER-Nephrons
Patients who have CKD are at risk of anaemia. What is the
reason behind this - ANSWER-The kidneys are responsible for
the production of erythropoietin, which is required for the
production of red blood cells. In CKD, there are less functioning
nephrons which affects the ability of the kidneys to produce
this essential hormone, resulting less RBC production and
increasing the risk of anaemia.
Pulmonary congestion, the presence of a sputum-frothy cough
and reduced urine output can be signs of - ANSWER-Left sided
congestive cardiac failure (CCF)
COPD management - ANSWER-Smoking cessation, reduce risk
factors, vaccination (influenza, pneumococcal),
pharmacological management (bronchodilator, corticosteroids),
pulmonary rehabilitation, long term oxygen therapy
short acting beta 2 agonists - ANSWER-salbutamol (ventolin)
B2 receptors (found in smooth muscle of airway) inhibit
bronchial smooth muscle caring relaxation of airway muscles =
, increase airway diameter, decreased resistance, increased gas
exchange, decreased WOB
T2DM signs and symptoms - ANSWER-3 P's (polyphagia,
polyuria, polydipsia), fatigues, hyperglycaemia, repeated
infections, poor wound healing, blurred vision, weight changes
T2DM acute complications - ANSWER-Hyperglycaemia, HHS
T2DM management - ANSWER-Healthy diet, Exercise, close BGL
monitoring, possible need for oral hypoglycaemic agents,
insulin
Biguanides (Metformin) - ANSWER-Decreased hepatic release
of glucose, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, improves
insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral uptake of glucose -->
reduced BGL
Sulphonylureas (gliceride) - ANSWER-stimulates insulin
secretion from the beta cells --> hypoglycaemia
T1DM pathophysiology - ANSWER-genetic predisposition
immune response against beta cells
beta cell destructions
lack of insulin
GLUT-4s are not activated
glucose unable to be taken up
Hyperglycaemia
interventions for DKA and HHS - ANSWER-Fluid resus, reverse
hyperglycaemia, correct acid base & electrolyte balance,
cardiac monitoring, 1/24 obs
Recurrent infections with diabetes causes - ANSWER-
Neuropathy, impaired vision, high glucose environment
2024/2025 with detailed answers
A+
GLUT-4s are not activated and glucose cannot be taken up by
cells
Glucose continues to be released by liver - insulin is not
available to regulate this release. Increased production of
glucagon --> continued glucose not being taken up by the cells -
-> hyperglycaemia
T1DM Clinical Manifestations - ANSWER-The 3 P's (polydipsia,
polyuria, and polyphagia), fatigue, weight loss, N & V
abdominal pain, confusion, weakness, tachycardia, ketonic
breath, tachycardia, tachypnoea, metabolic acidosis, seizures,
coma
T1DM acute complications - ANSWER-hypoglycaemia, DKA
T1DM management - ANSWER-Insulin, BGL monitoring, meal
planning, annual health checks, exercise plan
T2DM causes - ANSWER-caused by insulin resistance at target
tissues and a relative insulin deficiency
,T2DM risk factors - ANSWER-genetic factors and family history,
overweight and obese, hx of gestational diabetes
T2DM pathophysiology - ANSWER-Decreased beta cell
responsiveness to increased glucose levels, decreased insulin
production, increased insulin resistance at the cell (reduction in
number of binding sites, decreased in the amount of insulin
biding to the receptors)
What can cause respiratory acidosis? - ANSWER-Opioid
overdose
Where is sodium primarily reabsorbed in the nephrons -
ANSWER-Nephrons
Patients who have CKD are at risk of anaemia. What is the
reason behind this - ANSWER-The kidneys are responsible for
the production of erythropoietin, which is required for the
production of red blood cells. In CKD, there are less functioning
nephrons which affects the ability of the kidneys to produce
this essential hormone, resulting less RBC production and
increasing the risk of anaemia.
Pulmonary congestion, the presence of a sputum-frothy cough
and reduced urine output can be signs of - ANSWER-Left sided
congestive cardiac failure (CCF)
COPD management - ANSWER-Smoking cessation, reduce risk
factors, vaccination (influenza, pneumococcal),
pharmacological management (bronchodilator, corticosteroids),
pulmonary rehabilitation, long term oxygen therapy
short acting beta 2 agonists - ANSWER-salbutamol (ventolin)
B2 receptors (found in smooth muscle of airway) inhibit
bronchial smooth muscle caring relaxation of airway muscles =
, increase airway diameter, decreased resistance, increased gas
exchange, decreased WOB
T2DM signs and symptoms - ANSWER-3 P's (polyphagia,
polyuria, polydipsia), fatigues, hyperglycaemia, repeated
infections, poor wound healing, blurred vision, weight changes
T2DM acute complications - ANSWER-Hyperglycaemia, HHS
T2DM management - ANSWER-Healthy diet, Exercise, close BGL
monitoring, possible need for oral hypoglycaemic agents,
insulin
Biguanides (Metformin) - ANSWER-Decreased hepatic release
of glucose, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, improves
insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral uptake of glucose -->
reduced BGL
Sulphonylureas (gliceride) - ANSWER-stimulates insulin
secretion from the beta cells --> hypoglycaemia
T1DM pathophysiology - ANSWER-genetic predisposition
immune response against beta cells
beta cell destructions
lack of insulin
GLUT-4s are not activated
glucose unable to be taken up
Hyperglycaemia
interventions for DKA and HHS - ANSWER-Fluid resus, reverse
hyperglycaemia, correct acid base & electrolyte balance,
cardiac monitoring, 1/24 obs
Recurrent infections with diabetes causes - ANSWER-
Neuropathy, impaired vision, high glucose environment
