NAVLE FINAL EXAM TESTBANK 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|WELL STRUCTURED|A+ GRADED|
A person calls to to say she adopted a friend's dog and requests
a copy of the dog's medical record and radiographs. The former
owner is a client at your clinic. Which one of the following choices A
is the most appropriate action to take?
According to the AVMA's Principles of Veterinary Medical Ethics
A - Require original owner consent or court order to release (2008 revision)
information
B - Give caller a copy of medical record only "Ethically, the information within veterinary medical records is con-
C - Give caller a copy of medical record and radiographs sidered privileged and confidential. It must not be released except
D - After physical exam, start a new medical record documenting by court order or consent of the owner of the patient. Veterinarians
previous issues should secure a written release to document that request."
E - Give a summarized record with personal identifiers (vet, owner
names) blocked out
A 5 year old domestic short-haired spayed female cat is presented
with the complaints of anorexia, chronic vomiting, and weight loss. B
Physical examination reveals icterus, dehydration, and fever. In cats, there is a common opening of the pancreatic and com-
Thickened small intestinal loops are appreciated with abdominal mon bile ducts into the duodenum. It is thought that this may
palpation, and serum biochemistry shows increased bilirubin and predispose them to ascending cholangitis and pancreatitis after
liver enzymes. vomiting associated with inflammatory bowel disease, resulting in
extrahepatic biliary obstruction.
The cat is diagnosed with extrahepatic biliary obstruction with ac-
companying cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Which Other possible etiologies of EHBO include neoplasia, biliary stric-
one of the following normal anatomic features may predispose ture, duodenal obstruction, diaphragmatic hernia, and parasitic
cats to this triad of diseases? infection.
A - Narrowing of the duodenum distal to the entry of the common In all cases, there is a lack of bile entry into the intestinal tract,
bile and pancreatic ducts leading to decreased absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins
B - Common opening of the pancreatic and common bile ducts such as vitamin K, potentially resulting in coagulopathies.
into duodenum
C - Enlarged duodenal papilla in comparison to other species Except in transient cases that are related to acute pancreatitis,
D - Decreased proportion of alpha-smooth muscle actin in muscle surgical intervention to relieve the obstruction is required as well
fibers of the wall of the gall bladder in cats as appropriate supportive care, antimicrobial treatment, and vita-
E - Decreased diameter and increased branching of the hepatic min K administration.
ducts in comparison to other species
B
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is caused by a cardiovirus in
the family picornaviridae. Confusingly, the virus is named for its
effects on mice.
Think of rodents and exotic zoo mammals with EMCV. Pig-to-pig
contact, contamination of swine feed and water by rodents or
Most of a litter of European wild boar at a zoological park have ingestion of dead rodents may cause disease. See pulmonary
died. The surviving piglets are in lateral recumbency with a frothy edema and copious transudate in the respiratory tract, caus-
nasal discharge. Necropsy of the piglets reveals pulmonary ede- ing cardiac failure. Zoo outbreaks of EMCV have included lions,
ma and copious fluid in the trachea and bronchi along with grayish- African elephants, rhinos, hippos, sloths, llamas, antelope and
white necrotic foci on the myocardium. Which one of the following nonhuman primates. An outbreak of lion deaths at a Florida zoo
diseases is the most likely diagnosis? in the USA occurred after feeding them the carcass of an African
elephant that had died of EMCV.
A - Edema disease
B - Encephalomyocarditis Edema disease is a neurologic disease caused by a hemolytic
C - Glasser's Disease Escherichia coli producing Shiga toxin e2 and F18 pili resulting in
D - Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome high mortality in recently-weaned pigs.
E - Pseudorabies
Glasser's Disease, caused by Hemophilus parasuis is usually an
acute disease of 6 to 8 week-old pigs which causes fibrinous
arthritis, polyserositis, and meningitis.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), is an
arterivirus causing reproductive failure and post-weaning respira-
tory disease.
, NAVLE FINAL EXAM TESTBANK 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|WELL STRUCTURED|A+ GRADED|
D
What is the main mode of transmission for feline leukemia virus?
The correct answer is shedding of virus via saliva. The main mode
A - Aerosol transmission
of transmission is via saliva. It requires prolonged, close contact.
B - Shedding of virus via feces
Cats may shed the virus for months to years. Transmission may
C - Fomite transmission
also occur through reuse of instruments and blood. Virus is shed
D - Shedding of virus via saliva
in saliva, tears, urine, and feces.
You are working with a farmer who is having trouble with calves
between the age of 2 weeks and 6 months. They are alert, but
D
weak, dyspneic and die suddenly. On necropsy they have pale
cardiac and skeletal muscles. What is the farmer's problem?
The correct answer is selenium deficiency. The pale muscle and
clinical signs are classic for vitamin E and selenium deficiency.
A - Copper deficiency
This is important to remember! Other things that should be on your
B - Sorghum toxicity
differential list for this case include cardiotoxic plants.
C - Lightning strike
D - Selenium deficiency
A 6-year old intact male domestic short haired cat presents with B
acute onset exophthalmos of the right eye in the past 2 days. He
is painful on palpation around his eye and head. The eye can be The answer is a retrobulbar abscess. Acute, painful exophthalmos
retropulsed with minimal resistance. He has not been eating in the is usually due to retrobulbar abscessation. These lesions are
past day and has a rectal temperature of 103.4F (39.7 C). What usually painful and may be swollen. These animals are frequently
is the most likely diagnosis? systemically ill with fever and leukocytosis. Causes of retrobulbar
abscesses include penetrating wounds, foreign bodies, spread
A - Orbital neoplasia from dental or sinus infection, and hematogenous spread. Glau-
B - Retrobulbar abscess coma does not cause exophthalmos, although, chronically it can
C - Anterior uveitis cause buphthalmos which may appear similar. Anterior uveitis also
D - Glaucoma does not cause exophthalmos.
C $720
You are an associate veterinarian paid a base salary of $55,000 If $23,000 is the monthly production goal, then the month you
annually, plus a 8 % bonus based on receipts above your monthly brought in $23,000 does not count towards a bonus.
production goal of $23,000. Bonuses are paid quarterly. Your last
three month's production were: In the second month, $ 28,000 = $5000 above goal
$23,000, $28,000, and $27,000. In the third month $ 27,000 = $4000 above goal
How much is your quarterly bonus? Total above production goal = $5000+$4000= $9000
A - $670 $9000 X (0.08 bonus rate) = $720.
B - $840
C - $720 Many practices use a combination system with a base salary and
D - $810 a production-based bonus if you bring in more than a monthly
E - $900 production goal, but no penalty if you are below that monthly goal,
which is good if you are a new graduate, and helps in low traffic
months at the clinic.
A 10-year old female spayed Siamese cat presents for a new lump
the owner found a month ago. She was spayed last year before
she was adopted from the shelter. The owner states that the lump
D
has grown over the last month, and it doesn't seem to bother the
cat. On exam, the 2 cm lump is located on the left 2nd mammary
70-90% of all feline mammary tumors are malignant. Spaying a cat
gland, and no other lumps are noted. The lump is freely moveable,
before 6 months of age reduces the risk for mammary tumors by
and chest radiographs are clear. What is the chance that this tumor
7 fold.
is malignant?
The statistics for dogs is a 50:50 chance of malignancy for a single
A - 5%
mammary mass.
B - 50%
C - 20%
D - 85%
D
Pergolide is the treatment of choice for pituitary pars intermedia
, NAVLE FINAL EXAM TESTBANK 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|WELL STRUCTURED|A+ GRADED|
dysfunction (PPID). PPID is characterized by degeneration of
This 25 year old Quarter Horse mare is presented for evaluation dopamine producing neurons in the hypothalamus that normally
in July in the northern hemisphere. She is diagnosed with pituitary
exert an inhibitory action on the pituitary pars intermedia, resulting
pars intermedia dysfunction. Which one of the following medica-
in functional adenomas in the pars intermedia that produce high
tions would be most likely to be beneficial to this mare?
levels of adrenocorticotropin hormone.
A - Isoxsuprine
Clinical signs and laboratory findings include hypertrichosis, poor
B - Glucocorticoids
muscle tone, laminitis, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and
C - Pentoxifylline
increased susceptibility to infection. Diagnosis is commonly made
D - Pergolide
by documenting increases in plasma adrenocorticotropin hor-
E - Methimazole
mone levels in affected animals.
An aged intact female potbellied pig presents for evaluation of
abdominal distension. A large mass contiguous with the uterine
wall is discovered with ultrasound exam of the abdomen. Which A
of the following choices is the most likely cause of this finding?
The most likely cause of a large uterine mass in an intact female
A - Uterine leiomyoma potbellied pig is a uterine leiomyoma. These tumors do not typi-
B - Endometritis cally metastasize so a cure may be achieved by surgical removal
C - Adenocarcinoma of the cervix of the uterus.
D - Lymphosarcoma
E - Endometrial hyperplasia
A 10-year old German Shepherd presents to you with the com-
plaint of licking the anal area and scooting. On examination,
A
you find numerous ulcerated tracts in the perianal area that are
draining purulent fluid. What is the diagnosis?
The correct answer is perianal fistula. This is seen mainly in older
German Shepherds, and licking the anus is a common presenting
A - Perianal fistula
complaint. The key finding is the presence of multiple draining
B - Clostridial colitis
tracts in the perianal region that can actually be quite deep.
C - Anal sac abscess
D - Anal sac impaction
E
Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is associated with
"roaring" in horses. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch
Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of the Vagus
off of which cranial nerve?
(CN 10)) causes laryngeal hemiplegia - a paralysis of the abductor
muscle (dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle) controlling the glottic cleft
A - Glossopharyngeal (CN 9)
in the larynx.
B - Facial (CN 7)
C - Trigeminal (CN 5)
This allows the vocal fold (usually left side) to evert into the lumen
D - Hypoglossal (CN 12)
of the larynx, obstructing airflow, leading to a roaring sound, and
E - Vagus (CN 10)
most importantly, slowing the horse.
Oral administration of which of these drugs has been implicated
A
as a cause of esophageal strictures in cats?
The correct answer is doxycycline. There is also evidence that
A - Doxycycline
clindamycin can cause stricture formation. For this reason, it is
B - Azithromycin
recommended that after pilling a cat with doxycycline, it is followed
C - Diazepam
with a small volume (5-10 mls) of water.
D - Potassium bromide
D
Think of facial nerve paralysis (CN 7) with a unilaterally droopy
A 5 year old female spayed Cocker Spaniel is presented with a face.
strange expression. Her right ear and lip appear to droop. There
is ptosis O.D. (right eye) and the dog is drooling on the exam table. Remember the facial nerve is motor to the muscles of facial
What anatomic structure is damaged? expression (explaining the right side drooped ear, lip and eyelid)
and innervates the lacrimal and salivary glands. Loss of innerva-
A - Right side inner ear tions can lead to a dry eye, and possibly to exposure keratitis if
B - Left side inner ear animal losses ability to close eyelid from damage to facial nerve
C - Trigeminal nerve innervation of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Idiopathic in 75% of
canine cases (25% of cats).
Can also see these signs with middle ear damage (from otitis
, NAVLE FINAL EXAM TESTBANK 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|WELL STRUCTURED|A+ GRADED|
media), from facial nerve trauma (ear surgery in dogs, or pressure
from halter buckles in anesthetized horse), or neoplasia.
D - Facial nerve
E - Left side medulla, motor tract
Think more of a dropped jaw with trigeminal nerve neuropathy (CN
5-dogs, horses).
C
You see an 8-month old kitten with the effusive form of feline in- Feline infectious peritonitis is not a contagious disease. It is a
disease that is caused by a mutation of feline enteric coronavirus.
fectious peritonitis and perform euthanasia. The kitten was having
severe diarrhea around the house when it became ill. The owner It is unknown why in some patients this virus mutates and causes
has a 2 year old cat at home and wants to know what this cat's the FIP syndrome. It is most likely to occur in young or immuno-
compromised cats. Her other cat is not necessarily going to get
prognosis is since it has been exposed to the sick kitten. Currently
FIP just from exposure. In fact, the majority of the cat population
this cat is clinically healthy. What do you tell her?
has been exposed to the feline enteric coronavirus.
A - You recommend a coronavirus titer to determine it the cat is Because most cats in the general population have been exposed,
actively infected it makes interpretation of coronavirus titers difficult. The titers can
B - Her other cat may develop symptoms within the next two weeks be elevated due to prior exposure and not from FIP. The titers can
because FIP is highly contagious only be interpreted in lieu of clinical signs, blood results, etc.
C - Feline infectious peritonitis is not contagious and because her
L-lysine is an anti-viral medication that may have some benefit
other cat died of FIP does not mean this cat will succumb to the
for suppression of herpes virus but would not be a prevention or
disease
treatment choice for coronavirus.
D - Place the cat on L-lysine to prevent or suppress any infection
with FIP
The coronavirus is shed in the cat's feces during active infection
E - Perform a PCR on the cat's feces to see if the virus is being
with coronavirus. Some infected cats do not shed the virus. The
shed
virus attacks the intestinal tract and causes GI upset. PCR on the
feces would detect coronavirus, but does not distinguish between
the enteric coronavirus and the mutated FIP form of the virus.
D
Feminization syndrome.
Nonpainful unilateral testicular swelling in an old dog should make
A 10-year old male intact Doberman mix dog is presented with tumor,you think of neoplasia, especially an estrogen-secreting sertoli cell
which can cause feminization syndrome. See gynecomas-
one testicle that is grossly enlarged and nonpainful and the other
tia, penile atrophy, pendulous prepuce, attraction of other males,
atrophied. What condition(s) are expected to be seen in associa-
blood dyscrasias, +/-bone marrow depression (via high estrogen),
tion with this presentation?
bilateral alopecia.
A - Benign prostatic hypertrophy, constipation
Remember that cryptorchidism increases risk of sertoli cell tu-
B - Hypothyroidism
mor: About 25-29% of sertolis develop feminization syndrome and
C - Increased aggression, territoriality
~ 70% of intra-abdominal testicular tumors, regardless of type,
D - Feminization syndrome
cause feminization syndrome. May see prostate hypertrophy with
E - Penile hypertrophy, hirsutism
sertoli, but it is due to squamous metaplasia, not the classic (and
common) benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Hypothyroidism
and BPH are common older dog conditions, but not associated
with unilateral testicular hypertrophy. Remember that sex hor-
mones are also secreted by the zona reticularis of adrenal cortex
and can see feminization or virilism with excess secretion.
D
This cat most likely has a struvite bladder stone. This cannot be
Tommy, a 4-year old male neutered domestic short hair, presents determined without a stone analysis, but based on the signalment
to you for frequent urination. Urinalysis reveals 4+ struvite crystals. of the patient, the crystalluria, and the radiograph, this is the most
An abdominal radiograph shows a 1 cm round calculus in the likely type. These types of stones typically form in urine with a high
bladder. Tommy does not have a urethral blockage, and urine pH. Therefore, an acidifying diet would be appropriate for stone
culture is negative. The owner says surgery to remove this stone dissolution.
is not an option due to finances. Which of the following would be
Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of stone to
form in acidic urine. For this type, an alkalinizing diet would be the
most appropriate.
RATIONALES|WELL STRUCTURED|A+ GRADED|
A person calls to to say she adopted a friend's dog and requests
a copy of the dog's medical record and radiographs. The former
owner is a client at your clinic. Which one of the following choices A
is the most appropriate action to take?
According to the AVMA's Principles of Veterinary Medical Ethics
A - Require original owner consent or court order to release (2008 revision)
information
B - Give caller a copy of medical record only "Ethically, the information within veterinary medical records is con-
C - Give caller a copy of medical record and radiographs sidered privileged and confidential. It must not be released except
D - After physical exam, start a new medical record documenting by court order or consent of the owner of the patient. Veterinarians
previous issues should secure a written release to document that request."
E - Give a summarized record with personal identifiers (vet, owner
names) blocked out
A 5 year old domestic short-haired spayed female cat is presented
with the complaints of anorexia, chronic vomiting, and weight loss. B
Physical examination reveals icterus, dehydration, and fever. In cats, there is a common opening of the pancreatic and com-
Thickened small intestinal loops are appreciated with abdominal mon bile ducts into the duodenum. It is thought that this may
palpation, and serum biochemistry shows increased bilirubin and predispose them to ascending cholangitis and pancreatitis after
liver enzymes. vomiting associated with inflammatory bowel disease, resulting in
extrahepatic biliary obstruction.
The cat is diagnosed with extrahepatic biliary obstruction with ac-
companying cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Which Other possible etiologies of EHBO include neoplasia, biliary stric-
one of the following normal anatomic features may predispose ture, duodenal obstruction, diaphragmatic hernia, and parasitic
cats to this triad of diseases? infection.
A - Narrowing of the duodenum distal to the entry of the common In all cases, there is a lack of bile entry into the intestinal tract,
bile and pancreatic ducts leading to decreased absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins
B - Common opening of the pancreatic and common bile ducts such as vitamin K, potentially resulting in coagulopathies.
into duodenum
C - Enlarged duodenal papilla in comparison to other species Except in transient cases that are related to acute pancreatitis,
D - Decreased proportion of alpha-smooth muscle actin in muscle surgical intervention to relieve the obstruction is required as well
fibers of the wall of the gall bladder in cats as appropriate supportive care, antimicrobial treatment, and vita-
E - Decreased diameter and increased branching of the hepatic min K administration.
ducts in comparison to other species
B
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is caused by a cardiovirus in
the family picornaviridae. Confusingly, the virus is named for its
effects on mice.
Think of rodents and exotic zoo mammals with EMCV. Pig-to-pig
contact, contamination of swine feed and water by rodents or
Most of a litter of European wild boar at a zoological park have ingestion of dead rodents may cause disease. See pulmonary
died. The surviving piglets are in lateral recumbency with a frothy edema and copious transudate in the respiratory tract, caus-
nasal discharge. Necropsy of the piglets reveals pulmonary ede- ing cardiac failure. Zoo outbreaks of EMCV have included lions,
ma and copious fluid in the trachea and bronchi along with grayish- African elephants, rhinos, hippos, sloths, llamas, antelope and
white necrotic foci on the myocardium. Which one of the following nonhuman primates. An outbreak of lion deaths at a Florida zoo
diseases is the most likely diagnosis? in the USA occurred after feeding them the carcass of an African
elephant that had died of EMCV.
A - Edema disease
B - Encephalomyocarditis Edema disease is a neurologic disease caused by a hemolytic
C - Glasser's Disease Escherichia coli producing Shiga toxin e2 and F18 pili resulting in
D - Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome high mortality in recently-weaned pigs.
E - Pseudorabies
Glasser's Disease, caused by Hemophilus parasuis is usually an
acute disease of 6 to 8 week-old pigs which causes fibrinous
arthritis, polyserositis, and meningitis.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), is an
arterivirus causing reproductive failure and post-weaning respira-
tory disease.
, NAVLE FINAL EXAM TESTBANK 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|WELL STRUCTURED|A+ GRADED|
D
What is the main mode of transmission for feline leukemia virus?
The correct answer is shedding of virus via saliva. The main mode
A - Aerosol transmission
of transmission is via saliva. It requires prolonged, close contact.
B - Shedding of virus via feces
Cats may shed the virus for months to years. Transmission may
C - Fomite transmission
also occur through reuse of instruments and blood. Virus is shed
D - Shedding of virus via saliva
in saliva, tears, urine, and feces.
You are working with a farmer who is having trouble with calves
between the age of 2 weeks and 6 months. They are alert, but
D
weak, dyspneic and die suddenly. On necropsy they have pale
cardiac and skeletal muscles. What is the farmer's problem?
The correct answer is selenium deficiency. The pale muscle and
clinical signs are classic for vitamin E and selenium deficiency.
A - Copper deficiency
This is important to remember! Other things that should be on your
B - Sorghum toxicity
differential list for this case include cardiotoxic plants.
C - Lightning strike
D - Selenium deficiency
A 6-year old intact male domestic short haired cat presents with B
acute onset exophthalmos of the right eye in the past 2 days. He
is painful on palpation around his eye and head. The eye can be The answer is a retrobulbar abscess. Acute, painful exophthalmos
retropulsed with minimal resistance. He has not been eating in the is usually due to retrobulbar abscessation. These lesions are
past day and has a rectal temperature of 103.4F (39.7 C). What usually painful and may be swollen. These animals are frequently
is the most likely diagnosis? systemically ill with fever and leukocytosis. Causes of retrobulbar
abscesses include penetrating wounds, foreign bodies, spread
A - Orbital neoplasia from dental or sinus infection, and hematogenous spread. Glau-
B - Retrobulbar abscess coma does not cause exophthalmos, although, chronically it can
C - Anterior uveitis cause buphthalmos which may appear similar. Anterior uveitis also
D - Glaucoma does not cause exophthalmos.
C $720
You are an associate veterinarian paid a base salary of $55,000 If $23,000 is the monthly production goal, then the month you
annually, plus a 8 % bonus based on receipts above your monthly brought in $23,000 does not count towards a bonus.
production goal of $23,000. Bonuses are paid quarterly. Your last
three month's production were: In the second month, $ 28,000 = $5000 above goal
$23,000, $28,000, and $27,000. In the third month $ 27,000 = $4000 above goal
How much is your quarterly bonus? Total above production goal = $5000+$4000= $9000
A - $670 $9000 X (0.08 bonus rate) = $720.
B - $840
C - $720 Many practices use a combination system with a base salary and
D - $810 a production-based bonus if you bring in more than a monthly
E - $900 production goal, but no penalty if you are below that monthly goal,
which is good if you are a new graduate, and helps in low traffic
months at the clinic.
A 10-year old female spayed Siamese cat presents for a new lump
the owner found a month ago. She was spayed last year before
she was adopted from the shelter. The owner states that the lump
D
has grown over the last month, and it doesn't seem to bother the
cat. On exam, the 2 cm lump is located on the left 2nd mammary
70-90% of all feline mammary tumors are malignant. Spaying a cat
gland, and no other lumps are noted. The lump is freely moveable,
before 6 months of age reduces the risk for mammary tumors by
and chest radiographs are clear. What is the chance that this tumor
7 fold.
is malignant?
The statistics for dogs is a 50:50 chance of malignancy for a single
A - 5%
mammary mass.
B - 50%
C - 20%
D - 85%
D
Pergolide is the treatment of choice for pituitary pars intermedia
, NAVLE FINAL EXAM TESTBANK 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|WELL STRUCTURED|A+ GRADED|
dysfunction (PPID). PPID is characterized by degeneration of
This 25 year old Quarter Horse mare is presented for evaluation dopamine producing neurons in the hypothalamus that normally
in July in the northern hemisphere. She is diagnosed with pituitary
exert an inhibitory action on the pituitary pars intermedia, resulting
pars intermedia dysfunction. Which one of the following medica-
in functional adenomas in the pars intermedia that produce high
tions would be most likely to be beneficial to this mare?
levels of adrenocorticotropin hormone.
A - Isoxsuprine
Clinical signs and laboratory findings include hypertrichosis, poor
B - Glucocorticoids
muscle tone, laminitis, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and
C - Pentoxifylline
increased susceptibility to infection. Diagnosis is commonly made
D - Pergolide
by documenting increases in plasma adrenocorticotropin hor-
E - Methimazole
mone levels in affected animals.
An aged intact female potbellied pig presents for evaluation of
abdominal distension. A large mass contiguous with the uterine
wall is discovered with ultrasound exam of the abdomen. Which A
of the following choices is the most likely cause of this finding?
The most likely cause of a large uterine mass in an intact female
A - Uterine leiomyoma potbellied pig is a uterine leiomyoma. These tumors do not typi-
B - Endometritis cally metastasize so a cure may be achieved by surgical removal
C - Adenocarcinoma of the cervix of the uterus.
D - Lymphosarcoma
E - Endometrial hyperplasia
A 10-year old German Shepherd presents to you with the com-
plaint of licking the anal area and scooting. On examination,
A
you find numerous ulcerated tracts in the perianal area that are
draining purulent fluid. What is the diagnosis?
The correct answer is perianal fistula. This is seen mainly in older
German Shepherds, and licking the anus is a common presenting
A - Perianal fistula
complaint. The key finding is the presence of multiple draining
B - Clostridial colitis
tracts in the perianal region that can actually be quite deep.
C - Anal sac abscess
D - Anal sac impaction
E
Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is associated with
"roaring" in horses. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch
Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of the Vagus
off of which cranial nerve?
(CN 10)) causes laryngeal hemiplegia - a paralysis of the abductor
muscle (dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle) controlling the glottic cleft
A - Glossopharyngeal (CN 9)
in the larynx.
B - Facial (CN 7)
C - Trigeminal (CN 5)
This allows the vocal fold (usually left side) to evert into the lumen
D - Hypoglossal (CN 12)
of the larynx, obstructing airflow, leading to a roaring sound, and
E - Vagus (CN 10)
most importantly, slowing the horse.
Oral administration of which of these drugs has been implicated
A
as a cause of esophageal strictures in cats?
The correct answer is doxycycline. There is also evidence that
A - Doxycycline
clindamycin can cause stricture formation. For this reason, it is
B - Azithromycin
recommended that after pilling a cat with doxycycline, it is followed
C - Diazepam
with a small volume (5-10 mls) of water.
D - Potassium bromide
D
Think of facial nerve paralysis (CN 7) with a unilaterally droopy
A 5 year old female spayed Cocker Spaniel is presented with a face.
strange expression. Her right ear and lip appear to droop. There
is ptosis O.D. (right eye) and the dog is drooling on the exam table. Remember the facial nerve is motor to the muscles of facial
What anatomic structure is damaged? expression (explaining the right side drooped ear, lip and eyelid)
and innervates the lacrimal and salivary glands. Loss of innerva-
A - Right side inner ear tions can lead to a dry eye, and possibly to exposure keratitis if
B - Left side inner ear animal losses ability to close eyelid from damage to facial nerve
C - Trigeminal nerve innervation of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Idiopathic in 75% of
canine cases (25% of cats).
Can also see these signs with middle ear damage (from otitis
, NAVLE FINAL EXAM TESTBANK 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES|WELL STRUCTURED|A+ GRADED|
media), from facial nerve trauma (ear surgery in dogs, or pressure
from halter buckles in anesthetized horse), or neoplasia.
D - Facial nerve
E - Left side medulla, motor tract
Think more of a dropped jaw with trigeminal nerve neuropathy (CN
5-dogs, horses).
C
You see an 8-month old kitten with the effusive form of feline in- Feline infectious peritonitis is not a contagious disease. It is a
disease that is caused by a mutation of feline enteric coronavirus.
fectious peritonitis and perform euthanasia. The kitten was having
severe diarrhea around the house when it became ill. The owner It is unknown why in some patients this virus mutates and causes
has a 2 year old cat at home and wants to know what this cat's the FIP syndrome. It is most likely to occur in young or immuno-
compromised cats. Her other cat is not necessarily going to get
prognosis is since it has been exposed to the sick kitten. Currently
FIP just from exposure. In fact, the majority of the cat population
this cat is clinically healthy. What do you tell her?
has been exposed to the feline enteric coronavirus.
A - You recommend a coronavirus titer to determine it the cat is Because most cats in the general population have been exposed,
actively infected it makes interpretation of coronavirus titers difficult. The titers can
B - Her other cat may develop symptoms within the next two weeks be elevated due to prior exposure and not from FIP. The titers can
because FIP is highly contagious only be interpreted in lieu of clinical signs, blood results, etc.
C - Feline infectious peritonitis is not contagious and because her
L-lysine is an anti-viral medication that may have some benefit
other cat died of FIP does not mean this cat will succumb to the
for suppression of herpes virus but would not be a prevention or
disease
treatment choice for coronavirus.
D - Place the cat on L-lysine to prevent or suppress any infection
with FIP
The coronavirus is shed in the cat's feces during active infection
E - Perform a PCR on the cat's feces to see if the virus is being
with coronavirus. Some infected cats do not shed the virus. The
shed
virus attacks the intestinal tract and causes GI upset. PCR on the
feces would detect coronavirus, but does not distinguish between
the enteric coronavirus and the mutated FIP form of the virus.
D
Feminization syndrome.
Nonpainful unilateral testicular swelling in an old dog should make
A 10-year old male intact Doberman mix dog is presented with tumor,you think of neoplasia, especially an estrogen-secreting sertoli cell
which can cause feminization syndrome. See gynecomas-
one testicle that is grossly enlarged and nonpainful and the other
tia, penile atrophy, pendulous prepuce, attraction of other males,
atrophied. What condition(s) are expected to be seen in associa-
blood dyscrasias, +/-bone marrow depression (via high estrogen),
tion with this presentation?
bilateral alopecia.
A - Benign prostatic hypertrophy, constipation
Remember that cryptorchidism increases risk of sertoli cell tu-
B - Hypothyroidism
mor: About 25-29% of sertolis develop feminization syndrome and
C - Increased aggression, territoriality
~ 70% of intra-abdominal testicular tumors, regardless of type,
D - Feminization syndrome
cause feminization syndrome. May see prostate hypertrophy with
E - Penile hypertrophy, hirsutism
sertoli, but it is due to squamous metaplasia, not the classic (and
common) benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Hypothyroidism
and BPH are common older dog conditions, but not associated
with unilateral testicular hypertrophy. Remember that sex hor-
mones are also secreted by the zona reticularis of adrenal cortex
and can see feminization or virilism with excess secretion.
D
This cat most likely has a struvite bladder stone. This cannot be
Tommy, a 4-year old male neutered domestic short hair, presents determined without a stone analysis, but based on the signalment
to you for frequent urination. Urinalysis reveals 4+ struvite crystals. of the patient, the crystalluria, and the radiograph, this is the most
An abdominal radiograph shows a 1 cm round calculus in the likely type. These types of stones typically form in urine with a high
bladder. Tommy does not have a urethral blockage, and urine pH. Therefore, an acidifying diet would be appropriate for stone
culture is negative. The owner says surgery to remove this stone dissolution.
is not an option due to finances. Which of the following would be
Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of stone to
form in acidic urine. For this type, an alkalinizing diet would be the
most appropriate.
