GCSE AQA Combined Science Biology Paper 1
1. Gene: a segment of DNA that determines characteristics of your body
2. How many chromosomes do humans have?: 46 (23 pairs)
3. How many chromosomes do gametes (sex cells) have?: 23
4. Mitosis: The process of cell division, resulting in two identical cells
5. The cell cycle: The cycle of your body's cells dividing in a series of stages
6. How long does the cell cycle take?: Anywhere from 24 hours to years
(depending on the organisms stage of life)
7. Cell division in organisms: Pre-born baby- quick and constant
Child afterbirth- Fairly rapid
End of Puberty and Adulthood- slows drastically
8. Stage 1- Cell Cycle: -Longest stage
-Grows bigger
-Increased mass
-Duplicate their DNA
-Increase number of ribosomes, mitochondria, etc. for cell divide
9. Stage 2- Cell Cycle: -Mitosis occurs
-Organelles get pulled apart and nucleus splits
10. Stage 3- Cell Cycle: -Cytoplasm and Cell membrane split
-Two identical daughter cells
11. Cloning: Producing identical offspring
12. Zygote: A fused egg and sperm cell
13. embroyonic stem cells: Inner cells of the embryo
14. Embryo: One half of the zygote
15. adult stem cells: An undifferentiated cell of any organism that can rise to many
more cells of the same type
16. Problems with embryonic stem cells: -Human rights debate
-Slow, expensive, unpredictable
-Possibly cause cancer
-Potentially infected with viruses
17. Therapeutic cloning: research using cells from an adult to produce a cloned
embryo of themselves
18. Stem call research could possibly treat:: -Spinal cord injuries -Diabetes
-Eyesight
-Heart damage
, -Damaged bone and cartilage
19. Tissue: A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
20. Organs: Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or
related functions
21 Organ system: group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
22. Organ Systems in our body: Digestive system, respiratory system, and the
circulatory system
23. Levels of organization (small to large): cell, tissue, organ, organ system,
organism
24. Digestive system: body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
(digestion occurs)
25. Enzymes: break down large molecules for digestion to occur
26. Small intestine: absorption of molecules into your blood
27. Function of muscular walls of the small intestine: Squeeze undigested food
into your large intestine 28. Liver: produces bile
29. Stomach: breaks down and digests food into order to extract nutrients
30. Large intestine: absorbs water and leaves waste to be stored and passed out
as faeces
31. Main compounds of a cell: Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
32. Carbohydrates Function: main source of energy
33. Simple carbhydrates: composed of only one or two units of sugars e.g Sucrose
34. Complex carbohydrates: composed of long chains of simple sugar units
bonded
35. Lipids: -fats and oils
-insoluble in water
-made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
-Made up of three fatty acids joined to glycerol
36. Proteins function: build, maintain and repair tissue and cells in body
37. How much of your body mass is protein?: 15-16%
38. What are proteins made of?: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen
39. What composes a protein molecule?: long chains of amino acids (amino
acids are the building blocks of protein)
40. Denatured: loss of an enzyme's normal shape so that it no longer functions 41.
What causes something to become denatured?: a less than optimal pH and
temperature
1. Gene: a segment of DNA that determines characteristics of your body
2. How many chromosomes do humans have?: 46 (23 pairs)
3. How many chromosomes do gametes (sex cells) have?: 23
4. Mitosis: The process of cell division, resulting in two identical cells
5. The cell cycle: The cycle of your body's cells dividing in a series of stages
6. How long does the cell cycle take?: Anywhere from 24 hours to years
(depending on the organisms stage of life)
7. Cell division in organisms: Pre-born baby- quick and constant
Child afterbirth- Fairly rapid
End of Puberty and Adulthood- slows drastically
8. Stage 1- Cell Cycle: -Longest stage
-Grows bigger
-Increased mass
-Duplicate their DNA
-Increase number of ribosomes, mitochondria, etc. for cell divide
9. Stage 2- Cell Cycle: -Mitosis occurs
-Organelles get pulled apart and nucleus splits
10. Stage 3- Cell Cycle: -Cytoplasm and Cell membrane split
-Two identical daughter cells
11. Cloning: Producing identical offspring
12. Zygote: A fused egg and sperm cell
13. embroyonic stem cells: Inner cells of the embryo
14. Embryo: One half of the zygote
15. adult stem cells: An undifferentiated cell of any organism that can rise to many
more cells of the same type
16. Problems with embryonic stem cells: -Human rights debate
-Slow, expensive, unpredictable
-Possibly cause cancer
-Potentially infected with viruses
17. Therapeutic cloning: research using cells from an adult to produce a cloned
embryo of themselves
18. Stem call research could possibly treat:: -Spinal cord injuries -Diabetes
-Eyesight
-Heart damage
, -Damaged bone and cartilage
19. Tissue: A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
20. Organs: Groups of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or
related functions
21 Organ system: group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
22. Organ Systems in our body: Digestive system, respiratory system, and the
circulatory system
23. Levels of organization (small to large): cell, tissue, organ, organ system,
organism
24. Digestive system: body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
(digestion occurs)
25. Enzymes: break down large molecules for digestion to occur
26. Small intestine: absorption of molecules into your blood
27. Function of muscular walls of the small intestine: Squeeze undigested food
into your large intestine 28. Liver: produces bile
29. Stomach: breaks down and digests food into order to extract nutrients
30. Large intestine: absorbs water and leaves waste to be stored and passed out
as faeces
31. Main compounds of a cell: Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
32. Carbohydrates Function: main source of energy
33. Simple carbhydrates: composed of only one or two units of sugars e.g Sucrose
34. Complex carbohydrates: composed of long chains of simple sugar units
bonded
35. Lipids: -fats and oils
-insoluble in water
-made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
-Made up of three fatty acids joined to glycerol
36. Proteins function: build, maintain and repair tissue and cells in body
37. How much of your body mass is protein?: 15-16%
38. What are proteins made of?: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen
39. What composes a protein molecule?: long chains of amino acids (amino
acids are the building blocks of protein)
40. Denatured: loss of an enzyme's normal shape so that it no longer functions 41.
What causes something to become denatured?: a less than optimal pH and
temperature
