1. Which of the following signaling types is used to transmit ligands to their
target cells over long distances, using the circulatory system as a transport
medium?
Endocrine signaling
2. Explain why a steroid hormone would require a carrier protein to transport
it through the bloodstream
Steroid hormones are hydrophobic. They require a carrier protein to carry it
through the bloodstream because it’s considered hydrophilic.
3. Each of the following is true regarding cell receptors, except:
Intracellular receptors are located in the plasma membrane.
4. Explain the importance of ligand-to-receptor specificity.
Ligand-to-receptor specificity helps to regulate responses in the target cell
while not impacting non-target cells that may be in the same location.
5. Fill in the blank. When talking about the process of transduction, the term
is used to describe molecules or processes that are occurring early
in the relay chain, while the term refers to molecules or processes
that are occurring later in the relay chain.
Upstream, downstream.
6. Which of the following statements is true of GPCRs?
They thread through the plasma membrane forming loops
7. True or false, if false explain why. For most biological processes, a typical
response would be the release of millions of molecules for every ligand that
binds.
TRUE
8. What system of the body is used as a transport medium with endocrine
signaling?
Circulatory system
9. Which of the following describes IP3s role as a second messenger?
It binds to a ligand-gated calcium channel on the endoplasmic reticulum
10. True or false, if false explain why. A ligand can bind to any cell in the body as
long as the receptor is free to bind.
FALSE. Ligands can only bind to cell receptors that are specific to them.
This is referred to as specificity.
11. Which of the following is/are true of RTKs?
They are a family of enzyme-linked receptor molecules
They transfer a phosphate group to the amino acid tyrosine on a target
protein
12. Explain the process of apoptosis and describe ONE example of when a cell
would have to undergo apoptosis.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death that is a normal part of a cell’s life
cycle. When a cell is infected by a virus, damaged, or aged, it will induce a
controlled mechanism for cell death. It is also a vital process during
embryonic development. E.g. Apoptosis eliminates interdigital tissue,
namely, extra cells between digits in many mammals, allowing for freely
, moving digits rather than digits connected by webs of skin.
13. Match each of the following terms with the correct description.
Autocrine signaling – a type of signaling
target cells over long distances, using the circulatory system as a transport
medium?
Endocrine signaling
2. Explain why a steroid hormone would require a carrier protein to transport
it through the bloodstream
Steroid hormones are hydrophobic. They require a carrier protein to carry it
through the bloodstream because it’s considered hydrophilic.
3. Each of the following is true regarding cell receptors, except:
Intracellular receptors are located in the plasma membrane.
4. Explain the importance of ligand-to-receptor specificity.
Ligand-to-receptor specificity helps to regulate responses in the target cell
while not impacting non-target cells that may be in the same location.
5. Fill in the blank. When talking about the process of transduction, the term
is used to describe molecules or processes that are occurring early
in the relay chain, while the term refers to molecules or processes
that are occurring later in the relay chain.
Upstream, downstream.
6. Which of the following statements is true of GPCRs?
They thread through the plasma membrane forming loops
7. True or false, if false explain why. For most biological processes, a typical
response would be the release of millions of molecules for every ligand that
binds.
TRUE
8. What system of the body is used as a transport medium with endocrine
signaling?
Circulatory system
9. Which of the following describes IP3s role as a second messenger?
It binds to a ligand-gated calcium channel on the endoplasmic reticulum
10. True or false, if false explain why. A ligand can bind to any cell in the body as
long as the receptor is free to bind.
FALSE. Ligands can only bind to cell receptors that are specific to them.
This is referred to as specificity.
11. Which of the following is/are true of RTKs?
They are a family of enzyme-linked receptor molecules
They transfer a phosphate group to the amino acid tyrosine on a target
protein
12. Explain the process of apoptosis and describe ONE example of when a cell
would have to undergo apoptosis.
Apoptosis is programmed cell death that is a normal part of a cell’s life
cycle. When a cell is infected by a virus, damaged, or aged, it will induce a
controlled mechanism for cell death. It is also a vital process during
embryonic development. E.g. Apoptosis eliminates interdigital tissue,
namely, extra cells between digits in many mammals, allowing for freely
, moving digits rather than digits connected by webs of skin.
13. Match each of the following terms with the correct description.
Autocrine signaling – a type of signaling
