NEWEST HONDROS BIO 254 EXAM WITH Q&A VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% GUARANTEED

NEWEST HONDROS BIO 254 EXAM WITH Q&A VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% GUARANTEED Slower - CORRECT ANSWER-The Endocrine system is a major controlling system in the body that works ________ than that of the Nervous System. Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER-Other major body system that acts to maintain homeostasis. Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER-The endocrine system uses chemical messengers called? nerve impulses - CORRECT ANSWER-The nervous system uses _________ to communicate. circulatory system - CORRECT ANSWER-What system transports hormones throughout the body? Receptors - CORRECT ANSWER-All cells do not respond to endocrine system stimulation. Only those that have the proper _________ on their cell membranes or within their nucleus are activated by the hormone. Target cells - CORRECT ANSWER-The responsive cells of various endocrine hormones are called? Protein or Peptide - CORRECT ANSWER-Most hormones are what kind of molecule? fat soluble - CORRECT ANSWER-There are a few hormones made out of what type of molecule? Second messenger - CORRECT ANSWER-Non-steroid hormones must activate a ________ to work within the cell as they are not able to cross the cell membrane. DNA expression - CORRECT ANSWER-Steroid hormones cause changes to _______ because their target is within the nucleus. negative feedback - CORRECT ANSWER-The secretion of most hormones is regulated by what kind of system, causing increasing levels of hormones to "turn off" its stimulus? Anterior Pituitary - CORRECT ANSWER-The master endocrine gland because it regulates so many other endocrine glands? Hypothalamus - CORRECT ANSWER-Anterior Pituitary is controlled by releasing hormones secreted by the what? Insulin - CORRECT ANSWER-Hormone necessary if glucose is to be taken up by cells. PTH (parathyroid hormone) - CORRECT ANSWER-Hormone that regulates blood calcium level, released when levels drop. Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWER-Mineralocorticoid that regulates sodium reabsorption by the kidney. Prolactin - CORRECT ANSWER-Necessary for milk production after child birth. Thyroid Hormone (T3, T4) - CORRECT ANSWER-Hormone(s) that regulates Basal metabolic rate. growth hormone - CORRECT ANSWER-Stimulates body cell division and increases length of bones epinephrine and norepinephrine - CORRECT ANSWER-Two hormones released by the adrenal medulla. Iodine - CORRECT ANSWER-Element essential for proper production of thyroid hormones (T3/T4) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWER-Pituitary hormone that regulates water reabsorption by the kidney. Glucagon - CORRECT ANSWER-Hormone that increases the breakdown of glycogen by the liver. Oxytocin - CORRECT ANSWER-Hormone that causes contraction of the uterine wall muscles. Cortisol - CORRECT ANSWER-Glucocorticoid released during prolonged stress response. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - CORRECT ANSWER-Hormone that acts on the ovary to stimulate the production of estrogen. Calcitonin - CORRECT ANSWER-Hormone that acts on osteoblasts to lower blood calcium levels. luteinizing hormone (LH) - CORRECT ANSWER-Hormone that stimulates the ovary to release the egg. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - CORRECT ANSWER-Hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - CORRECT ANSWER-hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete larger amounts of hormones Testosterone - CORRECT ANSWER-Known as the male sex hormone Progesterone - CORRECT ANSWER-Hormone that stimulates vascularization of the endometrium Estrogen - CORRECT ANSWER-Known as the female sex hormone skin and mucosa - CORRECT ANSWER-The "first line of defense" in innate immunity Inflammation mediators - CORRECT ANSWER-Histamine, kinins, and interleukins are examples of innate immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-A type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as non-self Cytokines - CORRECT ANSWER-Chemicals released from cells to trigger or regulate innate and adaptive response self-tolerance - CORRECT ANSWER-The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells Neutophils - CORRECT ANSWER-The most numerous type of phagocyte Macrophages - CORRECT ANSWER-What do we call a phagocytic monocyte that migrates out of the bloodstream? immunoglobulins - CORRECT ANSWER-Antibodies are proteins of the family immunoglobulin M - CORRECT ANSWER-The predominant class of antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen (primary immune response) active immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-Generally lasts longer than passive immunity. tumor markers - CORRECT ANSWER-Abnormal antigens or ______________________ _________________ are present in the plasma membrane of some cancer cells in addition to self-antigens. adaptive immune - CORRECT ANSWER-Helper T cells and suppressor T cells help regulate _______________________________ function by regulating B cell and T cell function. naturally acquired passive immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-A fetus receives protection from the mother through what immunity? Artificially acquired active immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-Vaccinations provide what type of immunity? allergy - CORRECT ANSWER-Hypersensitivity of the immune system to an environmental antigen specific immunity - CORRECT ANSWER-Adaptive immunity is also known as? lymphotoxin - CORRECT ANSWER-A powerful poison that acts directly and quickly to kill any cell it attacks. Antibody titer - CORRECT ANSWER-18. The amount of antibodies in a person's blood in response to exposure to a pathogen Immunoglobuin G - CORRECT ANSWER-The most abundant circulating antibody Plasma cells - CORRECT ANSWER-The specific cells that secrete antibodies Presentation of an antigen by an APC - CORRECT ANSWER-T cells are sensitized by? Bones (skeletal system) - CORRECT ANSWER-Major structures and frame work of the body that helps give shape? Ligaments - CORRECT ANSWER-What holds bones together? Protection of the internal organs - CORRECT ANSWER-Another function of the skeletal system? Movement - CORRECT ANSWER-Muscles act on bones, using them as levers to create ? reservoir - CORRECT ANSWER-Bones act as a ________ for certain minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus. Hormones, which stimulate deposition or absorption from the bone matrix. - CORRECT ANSWER-Calcium levels in blood are regulated by? Hematopoiesis - CORRECT ANSWER-Bone is also the site of __________________, or formation of blood cells. Long Bones - CORRECT ANSWER-femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges Short Bones - CORRECT ANSWER-carpal bones, tarsal bones, talus Flat bones - CORRECT ANSWER-Parietal, Occipital, Sternum, Frontal irregular bones - CORRECT ANSWER-bones of the vertebrae, facial bones, and sphenoid bone sesamoid bones - CORRECT ANSWER-patella, grow inside tendons to help them stay on track Diaphysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Hollow cylinder with thick compact bone, shaft of bone Epiphysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Ends of bone, made of spongy bone Articular cartilage - CORRECT ANSWER-Hyaline cartilage attached to articular bone surfaces Periosteum - CORRECT ANSWER-A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones Medullary cavity - CORRECT ANSWER-central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone Endosteum - CORRECT ANSWER-Thin fibrous membrane that lines internal spaces Compact Bone - CORRECT ANSWER-Bone that appears solid to the eye Osteons - CORRECT ANSWER-Structural units that make up compact bone that have a central canal surrounded by layers of bone matrix Lacunae - CORRECT ANSWER-small spaces in the bone matrix layer Osteocytes - CORRECT ANSWER-Bone cells that are found in living bone canaliculus - CORRECT ANSWER-Tiny canals that allow for bone cells to connect to their neighbors. cancellous bone - CORRECT ANSWER-appears less solid than compact bone, spongy bone trabeculae - CORRECT ANSWER-Rods of bone with spaces around them often filled with red bone marrow that makes up cancellous bone 1) bone formation 2) normal blood clotting