Exam (elaborations)

NURS 6501 Midterm Exam Study Guide / NURS6501 Midterm Exam Study Guide (2020): Advanced Pathophysiology (Already graded A)

NURS 6501: Advanced Pathophysiology Mid Term Exam 1. innate immunity - natural or native immunity 2. antimicrobial peptides - Epithelial cell secretions that kill or inhibit growth of disease-causing bacteria, fungi, and viruses 3. cathelicidins and defensins - Antimicrobial peptides examples 4. collectins are - Glycoproteins that includes surfactant proteins a through d that react with carbohydrates that kill microorganisms 5. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) - Recognizes sugar on microbes to Damage bacteria 6. normal flora - microbes that live and grow in a certain area Aka normal microbiomes 7. Normal microbiome - 8. Physical and mechanical barriers examples that contribute to body defense - 9. opportunistic microorganisms - 10. adaptive response - 11. Which is a characteristic of neutrophils? Neutrophils: - 12. Which is an acidic, sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar to histamine? - 13. Which cytokine is secreted by macrophages and mast cells and acts to induce fever? - 14. The clotting system at the site of injury or inflammation includes the following function(s): (select all that apply) 15. The activation of the complement system includes: (select all that apply) 16. Barriers associated with innate immunity include: (select all that apply) 17. An example of a physical barrier is: - 18. A biochemical substance that attracts leukocytes to the site of inflammation is a(n): - 19. The proliferation phase of wound healing includes: (select all that apply) 20. In a patient experiencing inflammation, observable characteristic(s) would include: (select all that apply) 21. Which is a characteristic of mast cells? They: - 22. Biochemical messengers produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a pathogen are called: - 23. tumor necrosis factor - 24. Chemokines - 25. Chemotaxis - 26. Interferons - 27. Which is an acidic, sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar to histamine? ... 28. Leukotrienes - 29. Prostaglandins cause - 30. Adhesion molecule. - 31. Phagocyte. - 32. interferons protect against - 33. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - 34. Interleukin-1 - 35. Interleukin-6 - 36. Neonates often have transiently depressed - 37. Elderly persons are at risk for impaired - 38. There are three layers of human defense - 39. Physical barriers are the first lines of defense that prevent damage to the individual and prevent invasion by pathogens; these include - 40. antibacterial peptides - 41. Antibacterial peptides in mucous secretions, perspiration, saliva, tears, and other secretions provide a - 42. The skin and mucous membranes are colonized by - 43. commensal or mutualistic microorganisms - 44. second line of defense - 45. inflammatory response - 46. The macroscopic hallmarks of inflammation are - 47. The microscopic hallmarks of inflammation are - 48. Inflammation is mediated by three key plasma protein systems: - 49. The complement system can be activated by: - 50. The most biologically potent products of the complement system are: - 51. clotting system - 52. Bradykinin - 53. Carboxypeptidase, histaminase, and C1 esterase inhibitor are - 54. Control of Inflammation - 55. cells that are involved in the inflammatory process include - 56. Most cells express plasma membrane pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)that: - 57. The cells of the innate immune system secrete many biochemical mediators (cytokines) that are: - 58. Cytokines include - 59. Chemokines induce chemotaxis of - 60. Interleukins are produced primarily by - 61. interleukins promote or inhibit inflammation by activating growth and differentiation of - 62. The most important proinflammatory interleukins are i - 63. Interferons are produced by cells that are infected by - 64. interferons can stimulate neighboring healthy cells to - 65. The most important activator of the inflammatory response is the - 66. the mast cell - i 67. Histamine is - 68. Histamine causes - 69. The endothelial cells lining the circulatory system (vascular endothelium) normally regulate - 70. During inflammation the endothelium: - 71. Platelets interact with the coagulation cascade to: - 72. Diapedesis - 73. The polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN): - 74. The polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) exits the circulation by _____________ through the retracted endothelial cell junctions and move to the inflammatory site by ___________ - 75. Eosinophils release products that: - 76. Eosinophils - 77. The macrophage is: - 78. Phagocytosis is a multistep cellular process for the elimination of - 79. Phagocytosis steps include: - 80. Phagocytic cells engulf microorganisms and enclose them in - 81. Phagolysosomes - 82. Opsonins - 83. Acute inflammation is self-limiting and usually resolves within____ days - 84. Local manifestations of inflammation are the result of the vascular changes associated with the inflammatory process, including vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. The symptoms include - 85. The principal systemic effects of inflammation are _______ and increases in levels of circulating _________ and _________. - 86. Chronic inflammation can be a continuation of _____________that lasts ___weeks or longer. - 87. Chronic inflammation is characterized by a dense infiltration of _____________ and ___________. - 88. Resolution (regeneration) - 89. The body may wall off and isolate the infection to protect against tissue damage by formation of a - 90. repair - 91. Healing by primary intention - 92. Secondary intention healing - 93. Resolution and repair occur in two separate phases: the ________________________phase in which the wound begins to heal and the _______________ phase in which the healed wound is remodeled. - 94. Dysfunctional wound healing can be related to: - 95. Dehiscence - 96. A contracture is a deformity caused by the excessive shortening of ____________ in scar tissue - collagen