Personality Psych Exam 2 (Chapters
3,4,5, & 8) 2024/2025 Exam Questions
and Answers 100% Guaranteed Success
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trait-descriptive adjectives - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔words that describe traits;
attributes of a person that are reasonably characteristics.
-they imply consistent and stable characteristics: most personality
psychologists hypothesize that traits are reasonably stable over time and
somewhat consistent across situations.
traits as internal causal properties - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔some personality
psychologists view these traits as internal properties of persons that cause
their behavior. Example: Diedre has a desire for material things--> might
cause her spend a lot of time shopping at the mall, work extra hard to earn
more money, and acquire many household possessions. *Her internal
desire (for material things) influences her external behavior, causing her to
act in certain ways.
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,-these traits are presumed to exist, even in the absence of observable
behavioral expressions.
-viewing traits as causes of behavior lies in ruling out other causes.
traits as descriptive summaries - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔describe behavior without
assuming causality; these are attributes of people that make no
assumptions about internality or causality. These personality psychologists
merely use traits to describe the trend in a person's behavior. Example:
George glares at men who talk to his girlfriend: trait = jealousy: simply used
to describe his behavior (glaring) but w/ no assumptions about causality.
It's possible that there's an internal cause of his jealousy such as being
insecure but it's also possible that his jealousy might be due to the social
situation (the men flirting with his gf).
lexical approach to traits - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔according to this approach, all
traits listed and defined in the dictionary form the basis of describing
differences among people.
-starts with the hypothesis that all important differences have become
encoded within the natural language. Over time differences among people
are noticed and words such as "creative", "reliable", etc. are created to talk
about those differences.
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,*The trait terms that people find helpful in describing people become
encoded in the natural language while those that are not useful in
describing people don't become encoded.
*a good starting point for identifying traits, but shouldn't be used exclusively
synonym frequency - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1 criteria for identifying important
traits using the lexical approach; means that if an attribute has many
adjectives to describe it, then it's a more important dimension of individual
difference. For example, there are many terms used to describe dominance
(bossy, powerful, forceful, influential, assertive, etc), which conveys that
dominance is an important trait and that different shades of dominance are
important in social communication.
cross-cultural universality - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔another criteria for identifying
important traits using the lexical approach; if a trait is sufficiently important
in all cultures and its members have codified terms to describe the trait,
then the trait must be universally important in human affairs. If a trait term
exists in only a few cultures or languages, then it may only be of local
relevance and it's unlikely to be a candidate for universal taxonomy of
personality traits
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, statistical approach to traits - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔this approach starts with a
pool of personality items: can be trait words or questions about behavior,
experience, or emotion.
-consists of having people rate themselves or other on items, then the
statistical procedure is used to identify groups or clusters of items.
-The goal of this approach is to identify the major dimensions of the
personality map.
factor analysis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the most common statistical produced
used to identify traits; this procedure essentially identifies groups of items
that covary (go together) but tend not to covary with other groups of items.
This provides a means for determining which personality variables have
some common property.
-It can also be useful in reducing the large array of personality traits into a
smaller/more useful set of underlying factors.
*A means for organizing personality traits
-Example: this tells us that hard-working, productive, and determined all
covary sufficiently that they can be considered a single trait, rather than 3
separate.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3,4,5, & 8) 2024/2025 Exam Questions
and Answers 100% Guaranteed Success
| Already Rated A+
trait-descriptive adjectives - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔words that describe traits;
attributes of a person that are reasonably characteristics.
-they imply consistent and stable characteristics: most personality
psychologists hypothesize that traits are reasonably stable over time and
somewhat consistent across situations.
traits as internal causal properties - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔some personality
psychologists view these traits as internal properties of persons that cause
their behavior. Example: Diedre has a desire for material things--> might
cause her spend a lot of time shopping at the mall, work extra hard to earn
more money, and acquire many household possessions. *Her internal
desire (for material things) influences her external behavior, causing her to
act in certain ways.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
1
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,-these traits are presumed to exist, even in the absence of observable
behavioral expressions.
-viewing traits as causes of behavior lies in ruling out other causes.
traits as descriptive summaries - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔describe behavior without
assuming causality; these are attributes of people that make no
assumptions about internality or causality. These personality psychologists
merely use traits to describe the trend in a person's behavior. Example:
George glares at men who talk to his girlfriend: trait = jealousy: simply used
to describe his behavior (glaring) but w/ no assumptions about causality.
It's possible that there's an internal cause of his jealousy such as being
insecure but it's also possible that his jealousy might be due to the social
situation (the men flirting with his gf).
lexical approach to traits - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔according to this approach, all
traits listed and defined in the dictionary form the basis of describing
differences among people.
-starts with the hypothesis that all important differences have become
encoded within the natural language. Over time differences among people
are noticed and words such as "creative", "reliable", etc. are created to talk
about those differences.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
2
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,*The trait terms that people find helpful in describing people become
encoded in the natural language while those that are not useful in
describing people don't become encoded.
*a good starting point for identifying traits, but shouldn't be used exclusively
synonym frequency - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1 criteria for identifying important
traits using the lexical approach; means that if an attribute has many
adjectives to describe it, then it's a more important dimension of individual
difference. For example, there are many terms used to describe dominance
(bossy, powerful, forceful, influential, assertive, etc), which conveys that
dominance is an important trait and that different shades of dominance are
important in social communication.
cross-cultural universality - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔another criteria for identifying
important traits using the lexical approach; if a trait is sufficiently important
in all cultures and its members have codified terms to describe the trait,
then the trait must be universally important in human affairs. If a trait term
exists in only a few cultures or languages, then it may only be of local
relevance and it's unlikely to be a candidate for universal taxonomy of
personality traits
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
3
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, statistical approach to traits - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔this approach starts with a
pool of personality items: can be trait words or questions about behavior,
experience, or emotion.
-consists of having people rate themselves or other on items, then the
statistical procedure is used to identify groups or clusters of items.
-The goal of this approach is to identify the major dimensions of the
personality map.
factor analysis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the most common statistical produced
used to identify traits; this procedure essentially identifies groups of items
that covary (go together) but tend not to covary with other groups of items.
This provides a means for determining which personality variables have
some common property.
-It can also be useful in reducing the large array of personality traits into a
smaller/more useful set of underlying factors.
*A means for organizing personality traits
-Example: this tells us that hard-working, productive, and determined all
covary sufficiently that they can be considered a single trait, rather than 3
separate.
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
