Psyc 3102 Final with correct answers

Low neuroticism, or low negative emotionality, significantly predicts high life-satisfaction. True The figure demonstrates the Bottleneck Effect The various alleles at all the gene loci in all individuals make up the _____ of the population. gene pool What mechanism of evolution occurs when allele frequencies change over generations due to random chance? genetic drift In humans, babies that are born too small often lack the reserves to thrive, and babies that are too large are prone to difficult births. Since babies at the extremes are less likely to survive, evolutionary pressures favor moderately-sized babies. What type of selection is this an example of? stabilizing selcetion A population of birds live on an island where seeds are their primary food source. Birds with smaller beaks can eat small seeds more easily and birds with larger beaks can eat large seeds more easily. A fungus destroys the plants that make large seeds, leaving only the small seeds as food. Which type of natural selection will most likely occur? directional selection When individuals tend to mate with those that have the same phenotype with respect to some characteristic _____ occurs. assortative mating Given assortative mating in a population, we expect that a genotypic score (such as a PGS) for mate 1 will be __________ correlated with a genotypic score for mate 2. true Which of the following situations is an example of artificial selection? A farmer breeds cows, developing larger, more muscled calves. Which of the following best describes a difference between artificial and natural selection? Natural selection leads to greater fitness over time, while artificial selection has no (or sometimes a damaging) effect on fitness. Horses that have been bred by humans in captivity have more variation of coat colors than wild horses. What process most likely led to the greater coat color variation in domestic horses? artificial selection Which of the following is true regarding Darwin's theory of evolution? Species change over long periods of time, giving rise to new species. A genetic mutation causes a newt to have faster reflexes. After many generations, most of the newt population has the reflex mutation. Which of the following most likely caused this change? Newts with the mutation are better able to survive and reproduce than newts without the mutation. Which of the following are true about natural selection? It acts on existing heritable variation. One reason someone might engage in direct-to-consumer testing (DTC) is for the purpose of ancestry or genealogy testing. True A main consideration for newborn screening is: whether the disorder can be treated In direct-to-consumer testing (DTC), different companies and products have different standards for return of results. true Which type of testing matches the following situation: used in the process of in-vitro fertilization to determine which embryos might have genetic defects or differences. preimplantation testing Reprogramming refers to removal of epigenetic changes in gamates. true Epigenetic modifications refers to changes to: gene expression and transition In a few brief sentences, provide an example of an specific intersex condition (with a known genetic influence) discussed in the class notes and explain why a binary definition of sex (or gender) may be oversimplified: One example of an intersex condition is Klinefelter Syndrome. Here we have someone who will have the sex chromosomes of XXY and they will be identified as a male. However, the binary definition of gender oversimplifies because like someone with Klinefelter Syndrome they have two X chromosomes and one Y. All these chromosomes will affect their body differently and may be more masculine or feminine according to societal standards but still would put them in a box as "male" disregarding the second X chromosome. In pea plants, green pods (G) are dominant to yellow pods (g) and tall plants (T) are dominant to short plants (t). A scientist crosses a GgTt pea plant with a ggtt pea plant and the following offspring are produced: PhenotypeNumber of OffspringGreen, tall723Yellow, short749Green, short48Yellow, tall46 What is the percent recombination frequency for this cross? Round to nearest whole number. 6% For the hypothetical pea question above, the genes for pea pod color and pea plant height are located on __________ chromosome (s). the same Map of locations of polymorphic markers where order is determined by recombination frequency gene map Map of locations of landmarks in the genome where distance is measured by based pairs physical map A series of genetic loci that are very highly correlated (and seldom separated by recombination) haplotype block When mutations at different loci can produce the same disease phenotype locus heterogenity When different alleles at a locus can produce variable expression of a condition allelic condition frequency at which the second most common allele occurs in a given population minor allele frequency The DRD4 locus produces a product that acts as a receptor for dopamine, an important neurotransmitter in the brain. Dopamine pathways are thought to be involved in behaviors that ADHD affects and are a target for ADHD drugs; thus, this locus may be a strong candidate gene involved in ADHD risk. In a case-control allelic association study with 100 cases and 100 controls, the number of individuals with and without the long allele are shown below: Cases (ADHD) Controls (No diagnosis) Long allele (7 repeat) 75 20 No long allele 2580 Given that the association test showed a statistically significant allele difference across the case and control groups, which allele would be considered the risk factor for ADHD? Long allele (7 repeat) Researchers now understand that ADHD is a complex phenotype, meaning it is influenced by the effects of many genes and the environment. A recent Genome Wide Association Study published in Nature Genetics, researchers identified several "signals" associated with ADHD: A region on which chromosome shows the strongest association with ADHD? autosome 1 The DRD4 locus can be found on the short arm of chromosome 11 (autosome 11). Based on the results shown in the Manhattan plot (above), do the results of our candidate gene study replicate? That is, does the results of the Genome Wide Association Study suggest that "signal" or "hit" associated with ADHD in that chromosomal region? no Method used to locate causal variants by investigating co-transmission of disease and markers in pedigrees linkage analysis Method used to identify markers (that tag causal variants) systematically across the genome genome wide association Method which tests for associations polymorphisms common in the population for common phenotypes, with the hypothesis that the gene tested is a causal variant candidate gene study variant with biological effect on phenotype causal variant Why are disorders comorbid? -one disorder can cause the other -both disorders share the same environmental risk factor -both disorders share the same genetic risk factor The figure below shows an internalizing/ externalizing model of psychopathology, which reflects the patterns of comorbidity that exist across these disorders. If disorders in the "fear" factor of the internalizing spectrum (e.g., situational phobia, animal phobia) have a strong genetic correlation with each other, this means that they share the same genetic risk factors Based on the results shown model of internalizing/ externalizing model of psychopathology (above), the most likely comorbid diagnosis for a person with major depressive disorder would be: panic disorder Based on the results shown model of internalizing/ externalizing model of psychopathology (above), the most likely diagnosis for a family member of someone with conduct disorder would be: adult antisocial behavior For substance use to have a disordered pattern depends on: whether use is causing functional impairment across several domains of life Genetic propensity for polysubstance dependence refers to: shared genetic risk factors between multiple substances, or a propensity towards substance dependence generally The table below shows typical intelligence quotient (IQ) results from studies of family members of those with intellectual disability (ID). Which group's ID is most likely caused by genetic risk factors shared with family members? Group Probands IQ range of sibs Mean IQ of sibs A Severe/moderately disabled 85-125 100 B Mildly disabled 55-125 85 B Behavioral geneticists infer that personality is moderately heritable from (select all that apply): -twin and family studies (comparing phenotypic similarity across genetically related and non related individuals) -genomic approaches (measuring genetic variants across the genome and testing association with phenotypes) According to the table (above) showing results from studies of family members of those with intellectual disability (ID), probands of which group are more likely to have an organic cause of ID? A Define heritability. (Either a brief sentence or an equation will be accepted, in which you explain the variables in the equation.) Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variance that can be explained by genotypic variance within a particular population. When alleles for a trait separate during reproduction, offspring inherits one randomly law of segregation When alleles inherited for trait 1 is not correlated with allele inherited trait 2 law of independent assortment When breeding two pure breeding generations, one allele 1 may mask the effect of allele 2 in the next generation law of dominance When neither allele is dominant or recessive, both are expressed equally codominance When the heterozygote shows a third, blended phenotype incomplete dominance multiple (often many) genes that each make a small contribution to the overall outcome polygenic Huntington disease and Fragile X syndrome are caused by a section of DNA that is repeated many times. (an expanded triplet repeat). This type of mutation can give rise to genetic anticipation. In one or two sentences, briefly describe genetic anticipation looks like in successive generations. Genetic anticipation happens when the age of onset gets earlier across successive generations or the prevalence/ severity of the disorder increases across successive generations. Process that produces incorrect numbers of chromosomes in cells nondisjunction The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell aneuploidy When one gene (or genetic variant) has multiple phenotypic effects pleiotropy The exchange of genetic material on homologous chromosomes recombination The synthesis of a RNA molecule from the DNA in the cell nucleus transcription The assembly of amino acids into peptide chains on the basis of information encoded in messenger RNA translation The process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule replication The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell ploidy Noncoding sections of an RNA transcript introns Coding sections of an RNA transcript exons In a flowering plant, tall (T) is dominant to short (t), and blue flowers (B) is dominant to white flowers (b).A tall plant with white flowers (Ttbb) is crossed with a short plant with blue flowers (ttBb). What is the chance that the offspring will be short with white flowers? Hint: You might want to draw out the dihybrid cross punnet square. 1/4 Imagine that we are interested in studying genetic and environmental influences on psychedelic mushroom consumption. For a group of twins, pairwise concordance is defined as C/(C+D), where C is the number of concordant pairs and D is the number of discordant pairs. In a study of 50 MZ twin pairs: There are 2 pairs for which both twins have consumed mushrooms There are 38 pairs for which neither twin has consumed mushrooms There are 10 pairs for which only one of the twins has consumed mushrooms What is the MZ pairwise concordance rate? .8 Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait in humans. If the parental genotypes are XcX for the mom and XcY for the dad, select all possible genotypes in the children. Hint: You may want to draw out the possible punnet square showing the possible female/male genotypes and work backwards to derive the parental genotypes. Use Xc to indicate the color-blind allele, and X to indicate the normal allele, and Y to denote the Y chromosome. XcY XcXc XcX XY The figure shows a small portion of a Huntington disease pedigree (Reminder: Blue fill means "affected" by disorder, square means male, circle means female, and Huntington's is a autosomal dominant disorder). Using H as the symbol for the Huntington allele and h as the normal allele, what is the genotype of Child D? Hh Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome is a serious condition where resulting from an imbalance in the blood flow between twins in utero. This can only occur when twins share a chorion. Based on what you know about twin MZ and DZ twin anatomy, what is the zygosity of twins who have this syndrome? MZ Lesch-Nyhan is an X-linked recessive syndrome in which a person without a copy of the functioning dominant variant does not make the regular amount of an enzyme (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1), causing a painful build up of uric acid, low IQ, developmental delays, and behavioral issues such as injurious behavior. The multiple phenotypic effects are example of: pleiotropy BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two different genes that have been found to impact a person's chances of developing breast cancer. Every human has both the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, but only a small proportion of individuals carry a mutation associated increased disease risk. Not everyone with these mutations will develop cancer in their lifetime. This is an example of: reduced penetrance Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a autosomal recessive disorder in which a person with two recessive disease-causing variants is unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, which is found in protein rich foods. The negative consequences of this disorder can be largely avoided when consuming a low phenylalanine diet. In a few brief sentences, explain why this is an example of a gene X environment interaction. This is an example of gene X environment interaction because since this person already has PKU it will affect how they can interact with their environment. So if they ate these protein-rich foods the environment would act negatively on a person who has PKU causing some of their symptoms. The same can be said with the opposite, if someone has PKU but never consumes protein-rich foods in their environment then they will not exhibit the side-effects of PKU. Sanger sequencing method DNA obtained by res enzymes divided into 4 samples (A, T, G, C) label with radioactive oligo at 3' end mix with taq, dNTPs, ddNTPs and incubate run on gel --> 3' ends will differ by one base "chain termination method" whole genome sequencing a process that determines the nucleotide sequence of an entire genome Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) Focuses on protein coding parts of genes (exons) More efficient and less expensive Whole exome sequencing advantages -targeting just DNA sequence responsible for coding program. -cost effective CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats -prime technology for gene editing/ gene therapy -accurate and precise gene therapy a technique that places a gene into a cell to correct a hereditary disease or to improve the genome Somatic therapies Therapies that produce bodily changes. Used by psychologists with a biological orientation. germline therapy insert genes into eggs and sperm Add or remove terms You can also click the terms or definitions to blur or reveal them Review with an activity