The Studies of Respiration
Respiration:
Respiration is a chemical process which is used to create energy for the
body and its biological processes and is conducted in the mitochondria.
There are two types of respiration, these two types are, aerobic respiration
and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is respiration with the
presence of oxygen and its word equation is, Oxygen + Glucose Carbon
Dioxide + Water, this is the most efficient and highest energy providing
from of respiration. Anaerobic respiration, however, is respiration in the
absence of oxygen and occurs mostly during exercise as the muscles
require much more oxygen which you cannot provide during that time.
The word equation for anaerobic respiration is Glucose Lactic acid +
Energy. Lactic acid causes muscle fatigue in the muscles and can lead to
cramps. Lactic acid can be taken out of the body purely just by conducting
aerobic respiration and paying back your oxygen dept.
Respiration can also be split into 4 stages, which are known as and are
conducted in the order, Glycolysis, Link reaction, Krebs cycle and the
Electron Transport Chain. Below I specify more
on where each process is conducted and what
each one produces.
Glycolysis:
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and is the
conversion of monosaccharides to pyruvate;
this is an anaerobic process therefore it does
not require oxygen. Glycolysis produces 2
ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate molecules. If
glycolysis is affected that means that ATP
which is the universal energy currency, cannot
be produced from glucose, meaning a
decrease in energy.
To the right I have attached a glycolysis flow
charts showing the compounds involved in the
conversion of glucose to pyruvate. (Phil, 2023)
Link reaction:
The link reaction occurs in the matrix of the
cytoplasm, the link reaction carboxylates each
pyruvate from glycolysis to Acetyl CoA which is
then later used for the Krebs cycle. The link
, reaction produces, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA and 2 CO2 molecules. To the
right I have attached link reaction flow chart showing thee compounds
involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (The Science Hive,
2021)
Krebs cycle:
The Krebs cycle also occurs in the matrix of the
cytoplasm. During the Krebs cycle the Acetyl
CoA reacts with a four-carbon molecule to
break down into citric acid. The citric acid
produced is then converted into oxaloacetate
also forming electron carriers and ATP. The
products are 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH and 4
CO2. To the right I have attached a flow chart
displaying the compounds involved in the
breakdown of acetyl CoA. (BYJU'S, 2022)
Electron transport chain:
The final stage the electron transport chain uses the electron carries
produced from the Krebs cycle to transfer electrons, which produces H+
ions which are also known as protons, the production of protons creates a
gradient leading to the production of ATP. Oxygen then reacts with the
protons and electrons to form H2O (water), producing around 32 ATP and
water. The electron transport chain is vital for providing energy for various
things in the body, especially muscles contractions. The ETC occurs in the
inner membrane of the mitochondria. Below I have provided a diagram
showing the whole ETC process.
(Khan Academy, 2016)
Investigating
respiration:
To the right I have provided
the data collected from our
investigation on the effects
that exercise brings to carbon
dioxide output.
Respiration:
Respiration is a chemical process which is used to create energy for the
body and its biological processes and is conducted in the mitochondria.
There are two types of respiration, these two types are, aerobic respiration
and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is respiration with the
presence of oxygen and its word equation is, Oxygen + Glucose Carbon
Dioxide + Water, this is the most efficient and highest energy providing
from of respiration. Anaerobic respiration, however, is respiration in the
absence of oxygen and occurs mostly during exercise as the muscles
require much more oxygen which you cannot provide during that time.
The word equation for anaerobic respiration is Glucose Lactic acid +
Energy. Lactic acid causes muscle fatigue in the muscles and can lead to
cramps. Lactic acid can be taken out of the body purely just by conducting
aerobic respiration and paying back your oxygen dept.
Respiration can also be split into 4 stages, which are known as and are
conducted in the order, Glycolysis, Link reaction, Krebs cycle and the
Electron Transport Chain. Below I specify more
on where each process is conducted and what
each one produces.
Glycolysis:
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and is the
conversion of monosaccharides to pyruvate;
this is an anaerobic process therefore it does
not require oxygen. Glycolysis produces 2
ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate molecules. If
glycolysis is affected that means that ATP
which is the universal energy currency, cannot
be produced from glucose, meaning a
decrease in energy.
To the right I have attached a glycolysis flow
charts showing the compounds involved in the
conversion of glucose to pyruvate. (Phil, 2023)
Link reaction:
The link reaction occurs in the matrix of the
cytoplasm, the link reaction carboxylates each
pyruvate from glycolysis to Acetyl CoA which is
then later used for the Krebs cycle. The link
, reaction produces, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA and 2 CO2 molecules. To the
right I have attached link reaction flow chart showing thee compounds
involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (The Science Hive,
2021)
Krebs cycle:
The Krebs cycle also occurs in the matrix of the
cytoplasm. During the Krebs cycle the Acetyl
CoA reacts with a four-carbon molecule to
break down into citric acid. The citric acid
produced is then converted into oxaloacetate
also forming electron carriers and ATP. The
products are 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH and 4
CO2. To the right I have attached a flow chart
displaying the compounds involved in the
breakdown of acetyl CoA. (BYJU'S, 2022)
Electron transport chain:
The final stage the electron transport chain uses the electron carries
produced from the Krebs cycle to transfer electrons, which produces H+
ions which are also known as protons, the production of protons creates a
gradient leading to the production of ATP. Oxygen then reacts with the
protons and electrons to form H2O (water), producing around 32 ATP and
water. The electron transport chain is vital for providing energy for various
things in the body, especially muscles contractions. The ETC occurs in the
inner membrane of the mitochondria. Below I have provided a diagram
showing the whole ETC process.
(Khan Academy, 2016)
Investigating
respiration:
To the right I have provided
the data collected from our
investigation on the effects
that exercise brings to carbon
dioxide output.
