AQA Psychology A-Level Paper 2
NEW!!
Wilhelm Wundt - Answer –
- First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
Introspection - Answer - Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by
examining their conscious thoughts and feelings
Empiricism - Answer - Knowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised
by the use of the scientific method
Scientific Method - Answer - The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
Evaluation of Wundt - Answer –
- methods were unreliable as it relied on non-observable
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - Answer - - its objective and systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
Classical Conditioning - Answer - Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently
paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties on the stimulus
and is able to produced a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning steps - Answer - UCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
,CS -> CR
Features of CC - Answer - - If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not
work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
Operant Conditioning - Answer - Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or
punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable concequence
Positive Reinforcement - Answer - Behaviour Produces a response that is desirable
Negative Reinforcement - Answer - Doing something to stop unpleasant response
Reinforcement - Answer - Strengthening a response
Punishment - Answer - An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning - Answer - - Scheduling reinforcement makes it
stronger
- Punishment
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - Answer - - Applications in treatment of phobias
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different needs
to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - Answer - - Use of experimental method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
Modelling - Answer - Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation - Answer - Copying a models behaviour
Identification - Answer - Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model
because they want to be like them
,Vicarious Reinforcement - Answer - Individuals learn about the likely consequences
by observing a model's experiences and adjust their behaviour to obtain the same
experience
The Role of the meditational Processes - Answer - Observer forms a mental
representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the probable consequences
it will also happen to them
Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - Answer - - Applications in human behaviour
- research support (Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people already have this a
try to find people similar
- Approach disregards other potential influences like gender
Bandura Procedures - Answer - Children were exposed to aggressive or non
aggressive models interacting with a bobo doll
Bandura Findings - Answer - Children who had aggressive models were aggressive to
the doll
Children who had non-aggressive models were not aggressive to the doll
Cognitive - Answer - Refers to mental processes such as perception, memory and
reasoning
Schema - Answer - A cognitive framework that helps us organise and interpret
information
Why are Schemas useful? - Answer - They help us make sense of new information by
filling in gaps
Theoretical Models - Answer - Pictorial representations of cognitive processes based
on research evidence
Computer Model - Answer - Computer analogy of input process storage output to
represent the human cognitive
Cognitive Neuroscience - Answer - non-invasive imaging techniques such as PET and
fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the brain works
, PET - Answer - Positron emission tomography
fMRI - Answer - Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging
Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach - Answer - - Applications in social cognition,
dysfunctional behaviour
- Scientific
- Computer models are to simplistic for a human mind, and at the same time suggest
that we never forget or never make mistakes
- ignores emotion and motivation (tells us how not why)
- Lack ecological validity
Biological Approach - Answer - Views humans as biological organisms and provides
biological explanations for all psychological functioning
Genes - Answer - A part of the chromosome that carries genetic information
Genotype - Answer - The genetic make-up of an individual
Phenotype - Answer - The observable characteristics of an individual
Evolution - Answer - Change is genetic make-up of a population over time
NeuroChemistry - Answer - How chemical and neural processes associate with the
nervous system
Nervous System - Answer - Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and the
Peripheral Nervous System (somatic and autonomous systems)
carries impulses around the body
The Brain - Answer - Co-ordinates the functioning of the body
Frontal Lobes - Answer - Functions like speech, though and learning
Parietal Lobes - Answer - Processes sensory information like touch, temperature and
pain
Occipital lobes - Answer - Processes visual information
NEW!!
Wilhelm Wundt - Answer –
- First Psychologist
- First Lab in Germany
- Experimental Conditions
- Structuralism and Introspection
Introspection - Answer - Person Gains knowledge about their mental state by
examining their conscious thoughts and feelings
Empiricism - Answer - Knowledge is derived from sensory experience, characterised
by the use of the scientific method
Scientific Method - Answer - The investigative methods that are:
- Objective
- Systematic
- Reliable
Evaluation of Wundt - Answer –
- methods were unreliable as it relied on non-observable
- Introspection is not accurate because people are often unaware of are behaviours
Evaluation of the Scientific Approach - Answer - - its objective and systematic
- Rely on determinism
- Self corrective
- Create non-naturalistic environments
- Human behaviour is not always observable to the rules of science
Classical Conditioning - Answer - Pavlov - When a neutral stimulus is consistently
paired with an unconditional stimulus so that it takes on the properties on the stimulus
and is able to produced a conditioned response
Classical Conditioning steps - Answer - UCS -> UCR
NS -> No Response
UCS+NS -> UCR
,CS -> CR
Features of CC - Answer - - If time interval is too great between conditioning it does not
work
- CR will become extinct in the absence of the UCS after a while
- If extinct and paired again they pair more quickly (Spontaneous Recovery)
- Stimulus generalisation, CR is created to things similar to CS
Operant Conditioning - Answer - Skinner - Learning through reinforcement or
punishment, a behaviour is more likely if followed by a desirable concequence
Positive Reinforcement - Answer - Behaviour Produces a response that is desirable
Negative Reinforcement - Answer - Doing something to stop unpleasant response
Reinforcement - Answer - Strengthening a response
Punishment - Answer - An unpleasant consequence following a behaviour
Features of Classical Conditioning - Answer - - Scheduling reinforcement makes it
stronger
- Punishment
Evaluation of Classical Conditioning - Answer - - Applications in treatment of phobias
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans because they have different needs
to learn
Evaluation of Operant Conditioning - Answer - - Use of experimental method
- Animal Research cannot be generalised to humans
Modelling - Answer - Individuals learn behaviour be observing others
Imitation - Answer - Copying a models behaviour
Identification - Answer - Individual adopts attitudes and behaviours of a model
because they want to be like them
,Vicarious Reinforcement - Answer - Individuals learn about the likely consequences
by observing a model's experiences and adjust their behaviour to obtain the same
experience
The Role of the meditational Processes - Answer - Observer forms a mental
representation pf the behaviour displayed of the model and the probable consequences
it will also happen to them
Evaluation of Social Learning Theory - Answer - - Applications in human behaviour
- research support (Bandura)
- Problems with causality, it may not be observing but rather people already have this a
try to find people similar
- Approach disregards other potential influences like gender
Bandura Procedures - Answer - Children were exposed to aggressive or non
aggressive models interacting with a bobo doll
Bandura Findings - Answer - Children who had aggressive models were aggressive to
the doll
Children who had non-aggressive models were not aggressive to the doll
Cognitive - Answer - Refers to mental processes such as perception, memory and
reasoning
Schema - Answer - A cognitive framework that helps us organise and interpret
information
Why are Schemas useful? - Answer - They help us make sense of new information by
filling in gaps
Theoretical Models - Answer - Pictorial representations of cognitive processes based
on research evidence
Computer Model - Answer - Computer analogy of input process storage output to
represent the human cognitive
Cognitive Neuroscience - Answer - non-invasive imaging techniques such as PET and
fMRI scans to help psychologists understand how the brain works
, PET - Answer - Positron emission tomography
fMRI - Answer - Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging
Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach - Answer - - Applications in social cognition,
dysfunctional behaviour
- Scientific
- Computer models are to simplistic for a human mind, and at the same time suggest
that we never forget or never make mistakes
- ignores emotion and motivation (tells us how not why)
- Lack ecological validity
Biological Approach - Answer - Views humans as biological organisms and provides
biological explanations for all psychological functioning
Genes - Answer - A part of the chromosome that carries genetic information
Genotype - Answer - The genetic make-up of an individual
Phenotype - Answer - The observable characteristics of an individual
Evolution - Answer - Change is genetic make-up of a population over time
NeuroChemistry - Answer - How chemical and neural processes associate with the
nervous system
Nervous System - Answer - Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and the
Peripheral Nervous System (somatic and autonomous systems)
carries impulses around the body
The Brain - Answer - Co-ordinates the functioning of the body
Frontal Lobes - Answer - Functions like speech, though and learning
Parietal Lobes - Answer - Processes sensory information like touch, temperature and
pain
Occipital lobes - Answer - Processes visual information
