MDC 2 EXAM 1 / STUDY GUIDE REVIEW / EXPERT
VERIFIED ACTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FOR
GUARANTEED PASS | NEWEST UPDATE, 2025-2026.
Terms in this set (230)
Normal cells growing in the Benign cells
wrong place or at the wrong
time
o HarmlessBenign Cell Features o Do not usually
require intervention o Slow growing o Tight
Adherence o Specific morphology o Small
nuclear-tocytoplasmic ratio o Specific differentiated
functions o Tight adherence o Orderly growth o No
migration o Normal chromosomes
healthy cell Benign cell looks similar to a
Examples of Benign cells
o Skin Tag o Mole o
Nasal Polyp o
Uterine Fibroids o
Endometriosis
,indicates cancer and can be Malignant cells
harmful to normal body
tissues and result in death
o Large nucleuso Malignant cell features
Migration o Doesn't stop
and replicates (No contact
inhibition)
o Loose adherenceo
Rapid or continuous cell
division o Loss of cellular
regulation o Abnormal
chromosomes
(< or > 23)
o C-Change in bowel or Seven warning signs of cancer
bladder patterns o A-A sore
that doesn't heal o U-
Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on
breast or elsewhere o I-
Indigestion or difficulty
swallowing o O-Obvious
change in wart or mole o N-
Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy
o Initiation
o Promotiono
Progression o
Metastasis
,Normal cells are damaged Initiation (Stage of malignancy)
and irreversible
Repeated Promotion
exposure>Enhances growth
of malignant cells
Increase in production of Progression
malignant cells
Cells move from primary site Metastasis
to the rest of the body
cancer development Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis
o Gradingo Cancer classification
Ploidy o Staging o
TNM
o Doubling
time andmitotic
index
Looking under microscope Grading
and determine level/degree
of mutation of cancer cell
from normal cells o Ex. 1= No
mutation o 4= Severe
mutation
Number of chromosomes Ploidy
Staging
How large is the primary
tumor and how far has it
spread
, o T-Tumor (How large is TNM
primary or 2nd) o N- Node
(Are regional lymph nodes
invaded by cancer cell) o
M-Metastasis (0=None,
1=There is metastasis)
Period of time required for Doubling time and mitotic index
that quantity to double in
size (Tells how aggressive
cancer grows) o Stage
1=Localized o Stage 4=
Spread across the body
o Sunscreen o Avoid Cancer prevention primary
smoking o Removal of
"at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention o
Vaccine (HPV)
o Mammogram Cancer prevention secondary
o Pap smear o
Prostate test
People who are already Cancer prevention tertiary
affected and getting
treatment (examples
below) o Chemo
o Radiation o
Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers
carcinoma, sarcoma,
melanoma, lymphoma,
leukemia, blastoma
VERIFIED ACTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FOR
GUARANTEED PASS | NEWEST UPDATE, 2025-2026.
Terms in this set (230)
Normal cells growing in the Benign cells
wrong place or at the wrong
time
o HarmlessBenign Cell Features o Do not usually
require intervention o Slow growing o Tight
Adherence o Specific morphology o Small
nuclear-tocytoplasmic ratio o Specific differentiated
functions o Tight adherence o Orderly growth o No
migration o Normal chromosomes
healthy cell Benign cell looks similar to a
Examples of Benign cells
o Skin Tag o Mole o
Nasal Polyp o
Uterine Fibroids o
Endometriosis
,indicates cancer and can be Malignant cells
harmful to normal body
tissues and result in death
o Large nucleuso Malignant cell features
Migration o Doesn't stop
and replicates (No contact
inhibition)
o Loose adherenceo
Rapid or continuous cell
division o Loss of cellular
regulation o Abnormal
chromosomes
(< or > 23)
o C-Change in bowel or Seven warning signs of cancer
bladder patterns o A-A sore
that doesn't heal o U-
Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on
breast or elsewhere o I-
Indigestion or difficulty
swallowing o O-Obvious
change in wart or mole o N-
Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy
o Initiation
o Promotiono
Progression o
Metastasis
,Normal cells are damaged Initiation (Stage of malignancy)
and irreversible
Repeated Promotion
exposure>Enhances growth
of malignant cells
Increase in production of Progression
malignant cells
Cells move from primary site Metastasis
to the rest of the body
cancer development Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis
o Gradingo Cancer classification
Ploidy o Staging o
TNM
o Doubling
time andmitotic
index
Looking under microscope Grading
and determine level/degree
of mutation of cancer cell
from normal cells o Ex. 1= No
mutation o 4= Severe
mutation
Number of chromosomes Ploidy
Staging
How large is the primary
tumor and how far has it
spread
, o T-Tumor (How large is TNM
primary or 2nd) o N- Node
(Are regional lymph nodes
invaded by cancer cell) o
M-Metastasis (0=None,
1=There is metastasis)
Period of time required for Doubling time and mitotic index
that quantity to double in
size (Tells how aggressive
cancer grows) o Stage
1=Localized o Stage 4=
Spread across the body
o Sunscreen o Avoid Cancer prevention primary
smoking o Removal of
"at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention o
Vaccine (HPV)
o Mammogram Cancer prevention secondary
o Pap smear o
Prostate test
People who are already Cancer prevention tertiary
affected and getting
treatment (examples
below) o Chemo
o Radiation o
Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers
carcinoma, sarcoma,
melanoma, lymphoma,
leukemia, blastoma
