PSY 110 Exam 2 Questions and answers
2025
Classical .Conditioning .- .ANS✓✓-
A .type .of .learning .through .which .an .organism .learns .to .associate .one .stimulus
.with .another
Unconditioned .Response .(UR) .- .ANS✓✓-
A .response .that .is .elicited .by .an .unconditioned .stimulus .without .prior .learning
EX) .salivation, .contraction .of .pupil, .eyeblink
Unconditioned .Stimulus .(US) .- .ANS✓✓-
A .stimulus .that .elicits .a .specific .unconditioned .response .without .prior .learning
EX) .food, .loud .noise, .light .in .eye, .puff .of .air .in .eye
Conditioned .Stimulus .(CS) .- .ANS✓✓-
A .neutral .stimulus .that, .after .repeated .pairing .with .an .unconditioned .stimulus, .
becomes .associated .with .it .and .elicits .a .conditioned .response
EX) .a .tone
Conditioned .Response .(CR) .- .ANS✓✓-
The .learned .response .that .comes .to .be .elicited .by .a .conditioned .stimulus .as .a .
result .of .its .repeated .pairing .with .an .unconditioned .stimulus
EX) .a .tone
Higher-Order .Conditioning .- .ANS✓✓-Conditioning .that .occurs .when .conditioned
.stimuli .are .linked .together .to .forma .series .of .signals
"Little .Albert" .and .classical .conditioning .- .ANS✓✓-
Watson .concluded .that .conditioned .fears ."persist .and .modify .personality .throu
ghout .life"
, Operant .Conditioning .- .ANS✓✓-
A .type .of .learning .in .which .the .consequences .of .behavior .are .manipulated .so .a
s .to .increase .or .decrease .the .frequency .of .an .existing .response .or .to .shape .an
.entirely .new .response
Operant .- .ANS✓✓-
A .voluntary .behavior .that .accidentally .brings .about .a .consequence
Reinforcer .- .ANS✓✓-
Anything .that .follows .a .response .and .strengthens .it .or .increases .the .probabilit
y .that .it .will .occur
Punisher .- .ANS✓✓-
Anything .that .follows .a .response .and .weakens .it .or .decreases .the .probability .t
hat .it .will .occur
Shaping .- .ANS✓✓-
An .operant .conditioning .technique .that .consists .of .gradually .molding .a .desired
.behavior .by .reinforcing .any .movement .in .the .direction .of .the .desired .response,
.thereby .gradually .guiding .the .responses .toward .the .ultimate .goal
Skinners .Box .- .ANS✓✓-A .soundproof .chamber .with .a .device .for .delivering .food
.to .an .animal .subject; .used .in .operant .conditioning .experiments
Successive .Approximations .- .ANS✓✓-
A .series .of .steps, .each .of .which .is .more .similar .to .the .final .desired .response
Extinction .- .ANS✓✓-
In .operant .conditioning, .the .weakening .and .eventual .disappearance .of .the .cond
itioned .response .as .a .result .of .the .withholding .of .reinforcement
Generalization .- .ANS✓✓-
In .operant .conditioning, .the .tendency .to .make .the .learned .response .to .a .stimul
us .similar .to .that .for .which .the .response .was .originally .reinforced
Discriminative .Stimulus .- .ANS✓✓-
A .stimulus .that .signals .whether .a .certain .response .or .behavior .is .likely .to .be .re
warded, .ignored, .or .punished
EX) .children .misbehaving .in .the .presence .of .grandparents
2025
Classical .Conditioning .- .ANS✓✓-
A .type .of .learning .through .which .an .organism .learns .to .associate .one .stimulus
.with .another
Unconditioned .Response .(UR) .- .ANS✓✓-
A .response .that .is .elicited .by .an .unconditioned .stimulus .without .prior .learning
EX) .salivation, .contraction .of .pupil, .eyeblink
Unconditioned .Stimulus .(US) .- .ANS✓✓-
A .stimulus .that .elicits .a .specific .unconditioned .response .without .prior .learning
EX) .food, .loud .noise, .light .in .eye, .puff .of .air .in .eye
Conditioned .Stimulus .(CS) .- .ANS✓✓-
A .neutral .stimulus .that, .after .repeated .pairing .with .an .unconditioned .stimulus, .
becomes .associated .with .it .and .elicits .a .conditioned .response
EX) .a .tone
Conditioned .Response .(CR) .- .ANS✓✓-
The .learned .response .that .comes .to .be .elicited .by .a .conditioned .stimulus .as .a .
result .of .its .repeated .pairing .with .an .unconditioned .stimulus
EX) .a .tone
Higher-Order .Conditioning .- .ANS✓✓-Conditioning .that .occurs .when .conditioned
.stimuli .are .linked .together .to .forma .series .of .signals
"Little .Albert" .and .classical .conditioning .- .ANS✓✓-
Watson .concluded .that .conditioned .fears ."persist .and .modify .personality .throu
ghout .life"
, Operant .Conditioning .- .ANS✓✓-
A .type .of .learning .in .which .the .consequences .of .behavior .are .manipulated .so .a
s .to .increase .or .decrease .the .frequency .of .an .existing .response .or .to .shape .an
.entirely .new .response
Operant .- .ANS✓✓-
A .voluntary .behavior .that .accidentally .brings .about .a .consequence
Reinforcer .- .ANS✓✓-
Anything .that .follows .a .response .and .strengthens .it .or .increases .the .probabilit
y .that .it .will .occur
Punisher .- .ANS✓✓-
Anything .that .follows .a .response .and .weakens .it .or .decreases .the .probability .t
hat .it .will .occur
Shaping .- .ANS✓✓-
An .operant .conditioning .technique .that .consists .of .gradually .molding .a .desired
.behavior .by .reinforcing .any .movement .in .the .direction .of .the .desired .response,
.thereby .gradually .guiding .the .responses .toward .the .ultimate .goal
Skinners .Box .- .ANS✓✓-A .soundproof .chamber .with .a .device .for .delivering .food
.to .an .animal .subject; .used .in .operant .conditioning .experiments
Successive .Approximations .- .ANS✓✓-
A .series .of .steps, .each .of .which .is .more .similar .to .the .final .desired .response
Extinction .- .ANS✓✓-
In .operant .conditioning, .the .weakening .and .eventual .disappearance .of .the .cond
itioned .response .as .a .result .of .the .withholding .of .reinforcement
Generalization .- .ANS✓✓-
In .operant .conditioning, .the .tendency .to .make .the .learned .response .to .a .stimul
us .similar .to .that .for .which .the .response .was .originally .reinforced
Discriminative .Stimulus .- .ANS✓✓-
A .stimulus .that .signals .whether .a .certain .response .or .behavior .is .likely .to .be .re
warded, .ignored, .or .punished
EX) .children .misbehaving .in .the .presence .of .grandparents
