AQA Comparative Government and Politics

Comparative Governmentand n n n




Politics
AnIntroduction
n




6th Edition
n




Rod Hagueand
n n



Martin Harrop
n

,©nRodnHaguenandnMartinnHarropn1982,n1987,n2001,n2004
©nRodnHague,nMartinnHarropnandnShaunnBreslinn1992,n1998

Allnrightsnreserved.nNonreproduction,ncopynorntransmissionnofnthisnpublicationnm
aynbenmadenwithoutnwrittennpermission.

Nonparagraphnofnthisnpublicationnmaynbenreproduced,ncopiednorntransmittednsavenwi
thnwrittennpermissionnorninnaccordancenwithnthenprovisionsnofnthenCopyright,nDesig
nsnandnPatentsnActn1988,nornundernthentermsnofnanynlicencenpermittingnlimitedncopyin
gnissuednbynthenCopyrightnLicensingnAgency,n90nTottenhamnCourtnRoad,nLondonnW
1Tn4LP.

Anynpersonnwhondoesnanynunauthorizednactninnrelationntonthisnpublicationnm
aynbenliablentoncriminalnprosecutionnandncivilnclaimsnforndamages.

Thenauthorsnhavenassertedntheirnrightsntonbenidentifiednasnthenauthorsnofnthisnwo
rkninnaccordancenwithnthenCopyright,nDesignsnandnPatentsnActn1988.

Firstneditionn1982
Secondneditionn1987
Thirdneditionn1992
Fourthneditionn1998
Fifthn editionn2001
Sixthneditionn2004

Publishednby
PALGRAVEnMACMILLAN
Houndmills,nBasingstoke,nHampshirenRG21n6XSnandn17
5nFifthnAvenue,nNewnYork,nN.Y.n10010
Companiesnandnrepresentativesnthroughoutnthenworld

PALGRAVEn MACMILLANn isn then newn globaln academicn imprintn ofnS
t.nMartin’snPressnLLCnScholarlynandnReferencenDivisionnandnPalg
ravenPublishersnLtdn(formerlynMacmillannPressnLtd).

ISBNn1–4039–1314–5nhardcover
ISBNn1–4039–1315–3npaperback

Thisnbooknisnprintednonnpapernsuitablenfornrecyclingnandnmadenfr
omnfullynmanagednandnsustainednforestnsources

AncataloguenrecordnfornthisnbooknisnavailablenfromnthenBritishnLibrary.n

10n 9n 8n 7n 6n 5n 4n 3n 2n 1
13n 12n 11n 10n 09n 08n 07n 06n 05n 04

PrintedninnChina

,Summary of Contents n n




PARTnIn Foundations
1 Politicsnandngovernment 1
2 Thenstateninnanglobalncontext 17
3 Democracy 35
4 Authoritarian nrule 51
5 Thencomparativenapproach 69

PARTnIIn Politicsnandnsociety
6 Politicalnculture 89
7 Politicalncommunication 105
8 Politicalnparticipation 122

PARTnIIInLinkingnsocietynandngovernment
9 Electionsnandnvoters 145
10 Interestngroups 166
11 Politicalnparties 185

PARTnIVn Governmentnandnpolicy
12 Constitutionsnandnthenlegalnframework 209
13 Federal,nunitarynandnlocalngovernment 228
14 Legislatures 247
15 Thenpoliticalnexecutive 268
16 Thenbureaucracy 290
17 Thenpolicynprocess 309




v

, Contents

Listnofnillustrativenmaterial viii Comparingninstitutions,nsocietiesnandnstates 75
Preface x Techniquesnofncomparison 79
Keynreading 85

PARTnIn Foundations
PARTnIIn Politicsnandnsociety
1n Politicsnandngovernment
Politics 3 6n Politicalnculture
Government 4 Thencivicnculture 89
Governance 6 Politicalntrustnandnsocialncapital 90
Thenstatenandnsovereignty 7 Postmaterialism 93
Nationsnandnnationalism 8 Politicalncultureninnnewndemocracies 95
Nationsnandnstates 10 Politicalncultureninnauthoritariannstates 96
Power 12 Elitenpoliticalnculture 98
Authority 13 Politicalnsocialization 100
Legitimacy 15 IslamnandnthenWest 102
Keynreading 16 Keynreading 104

2n Thenstateninnanglobalncontext 7n Politicalncommunication
Hownthenstatenemerged 17 Developmentnofnthenmassnmedia 106
ThenWesternnstate 19 Thenmedia:ncontemporaryntrends 108
Thenpost-colonialnstate 21 Thenmedianinnestablishedndemocracies 112
Thenstatenandninternationalnorganizations 25 Thenmedianinnnewndemocracies 115
Thenstateninnthenglobalneconomy 30 Publicnopinion 116
Keynreading 34 Thenmedianinnauthoritariannstates 119
Keynreading 121
3n Democracy
Directndemocracy 36 8nPoliticalnparticipation
Representativenandnliberalndemocracy 38 Participationninnestablishedndemocracies 122
Wavesnofndemocratization 39 Participationninnnewndemocracies 124
Newndemocracies 43 Socialnmovements 127
Semi-democracy 46 Participationninnauthoritariannstates 131
Keynreading 49 Politicalnviolencenandnterror 134
Revolution 136
4n Authoritariann rule Keynreading 141
Traditionalnauthoritariannrule 51
Communist,n fascistn andn militaryn rule 53
ThenArabnandnMuslimnworlds 62 PARTnIIIn Linkingnsocietynand
Chinaninntransition 66 government
Keynreading 68
9n Electionsnandnvoters
5n Thencomparativenapproach Scopenandnfranchise
Whyncompare? 69 Electoralnsystems:nlegislatures 146
Thenrisksnofncomparison 71 Electoralnsystems:npresidents 154

vi