,
,
,
,
, TEST
Porths BANK PORTH'S
Pathophysiology ESSENTIALS
Concepts of Altered OF
Health States 11th Edition Norris Test Bank
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5TH EDITION
Parkinson disease
E) Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease
Ans: A, C
Feedback:
Development of pulmonary emboli and pulmonary fibrosis following chemotherapy are
both examples of a complication (adverse extensions of a disease or outcome from
treatment). It is normal to expect incisional pain following surgery. As Parkinson
disease progresses, the inability to walk independently is expected. This is a normal
progression for people diagnosed with Parkinson's. Loss of short-term memory in a
patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease is an expected finding.
8. Laboratory testing is ordered for a male patient during a clinic visit for a routine
follow-up assessment of hypertension. When interpreting lab values, the nurse knows
that
A) a normal value represents the test results that fall within the bell curve.
B) if the lab result is above the 50% distribution, the result is considered elevated.
C) all lab values are adjusted for gender and weight.
D) if the result of a very sensitive test is negative, that does not mean the person is
disease free.
Ans: A
Feedback:
What is termed a normal value for a laboratory test is established statistically from
results obtained from a selected sample of people. A normal value represents the test
results that fall within the bell curve or the 95% distribution. Some lab values (like
hemoglobin) are adjusted for gender, other comorbidities, or age. If the result of a
very sensitive test is negative, it tells us the person does not have the disease, and the
disease has been ruled out or excluded.
9. The laboratory technologists are discussing a new blood test that helps establish a
differential diagnosis between shortness of breath with a cardiac etiology and
shortness of breath with a respiratory/pulmonary etiology. A positive result is
purported to indicate a cardiac etiology. The marketers of the test report that 99.8% of
patients who have confirmed cardiac etiologies test positive in the test. However, 1.3%
of patients who do not have cardiac etiologies for their shortness of breath also test
positive. Which of the following statements best characterizes this blood test?
A) Low validity; high reliability
B) High sensitivity; low specificity
C) High specificity; low reliability
D) High sensitivity; low reliability
Ans: B
, TEST
Porths BANK PORTH'S
Pathophysiology ESSENTIALS
Concepts of Altered OF
Health States 11th Edition Norris Test Bank
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5TH EDITION
Feedback:
A large number of patients would receive the correct positive diagnosis (high
sensitivity), while a significant number would receive a false-positive diagnosis (low
specificity). The information given does not indicate low reliability or low validity.
10. As part of a screening program for prostate cancer, men at a senior citizens'
center are having their blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measured.
Which of the following statements would best characterize a high positive predictive
value but a low negative predictive value for this screening test?
A) All of the men who had high PSA levels developed prostate cancer; several men
who had low PSA levels also developed prostate cancer.
B) All of the men who had low PSA levels were cancer-free; several men who had
high levels also remained free of prostate cancer.
C) Men who had low PSA levels also displayed false-positive results for prostate
cancer; men with high levels were often falsely diagnosed with prostate cancer.
D) The test displayed low sensitivity but high specificity.
Ans: A
Feedback:
The test's inability to rule out cancer with a low PSA level indicates a low negative
predictive value. Answer B suggests a high negative predictive value, while answer C
indicates a low positive predictive value. High positive predictive value is associated
with high sensitivity.
11. A male international business traveler has returned from a trip to Indonesia. While
there, he hired a prostitute for companionship and engaged in unprotected sex on
more than one occasion. Unbeknownst to him, this prostitute harbored the hepatitis C
virus. Upon return to the United States, he exhibited no symptoms and returned to his
usual activities. During this period of no outward symptoms, the man would be
classified as being in
A) the preclinical stage of disease.
B) remission and unlikely to develop hepatitis C.
C) the clinical disease stage of hepatitis C.
D) the chronic phase of hepatitis C.
Ans: A
Feedback:
During the preclinical stage, the disease is not clinically evident but is destined to
progress to clinical disease.
12. As of November 1, 2012, there were a total of 10 confirmed cases of Hantavirus
infection in people who were recent visitors (mid-June to end of August, 2012) to
Yosemite National Park. Three visitors with confirmed cases died. Health officials
, TEST
Porths BANK PORTH'S
Pathophysiology ESSENTIALS
Concepts of Altered OF
Health States 11th Edition Norris Test Bank
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5TH EDITION
believe that 9 out of the 10 people with Hantavirus were exposed while staying in
Curry Village in the Signature Tent Cabins. This is an example of
A) what the anticipated mortality rate would be if a family of five were planning to
vacation in Yosemite National Park.
B) the prevalence of Hantavirus one can anticipate if he or she is going to vacation in
Yosemite National Park.
C) the low rate of morbidity one can expect while traveling to Yosemite National Park.
D) the incidence of people who are at risk for developing Hantavirus while staying in
Yosemite National Park.
Ans: D
Feedback:
The incidence reflects the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during
a specified time.
13. A particular disease has a debilitating effect on the ability of sufferers to perform
their activities of daily living and is a significant cause of decreased quality of life.
However, few people die as a result of the disease's direct effects. There are
hundreds of thousands of Americans living with the disease but relatively few new
cases in recent years. Which of the following statements best conveys an accurate
epidemiological characterization of the disease?
A) Low mortality; high morbidity; low prevalence; high incidence
B) Low mortality; high morbidity; high incidence; low prevalence
C) High mortality; low morbidity; high incidence; low prevalence
D) High morbidity; low mortality; high prevalence, low incidence
Ans: D
Feedback:
Morbidity is associated with quality of life, while mortality is indicative of causation of
death. In this case, morbidity is high and mortality is low. Prevalence refers to the
number of cases present in a population, while incidence refers to the number of new
cases. In this case, prevalence is high, while incidence is low.
14. An epidemiologist is conducting a program of research aimed at identifying
factors associated with incidence and prevalence of congenital cardiac defects in
infants. The researcher has recruited a large number of mothers whose infants were
born with cardiac defects as well as mothers whose infants were born with healthy
hearts. The researcher is comparing the nutritional habits of all the mothers while their
babies were in utero. Which of the following types of study is the epidemiologist most
likely conducting?
A) Cohort study
, TEST
Porths BANK PORTH'S
Pathophysiology ESSENTIALS
Concepts of Altered OF
Health States 11th Edition Norris Test Bank
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5TH EDITION
B) Cross-sectional study
C) Case–control study
D) Risk factor study
Ans: C
Feedback:
In this study, the mothers with cardiac-affected babies would be the case group, while
the mothers of healthy infants would serve as a control. This study does not possess
the characteristics of a cohort or cross-sectional study, and risk factor study is not an
existing methodology.
15. A nurse practitioner is working in a crowded neighborhood where the population
is primarily immigrants from China. The nurse has designed a research study to
follow children from kindergarten to the age of 25. She is going to be looking at their
diet, successful progression in school, health practices, and development of disease,
to name a few items. This type of research is known as
A) cohort study
B) cross-sectional study.
C) case–control study.
D) epidemiological study.
Ans: A
Feedback:
In this cohort study, a group of people who were born at approximately the same time
or share some characteristics of interest is the focus of the research. This study does
not possess the characteristics of a case–control or cross-sectional study, and
epidemiological study is not an existing methodology.
16. As part of a community class, student nurses are developing a class to teach
expectant parents the importance of having their child properly secured in a child
safety seat. During the class, the students are going to have a safety officer examine
the car seats that the parents have installed in their vehicles. This is an example of
which type of prevention?
A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Prognosis enhancement
Ans: A
Feedback:
Primary prevention is directed at keeping disease from occurring by removing risk
factors. Some primary prevention is mandated by law, like child safety seats.
Secondary prevention focuses on screening and early disease identification, whereas
, TEST
Porths BANK PORTH'S
Pathophysiology ESSENTIALS
Concepts of Altered OF
Health States 11th Edition Norris Test Bank
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5TH EDITION
tertiary prevention is directed at interventions to prevent complications of a disease.
17. A multidisciplinary health care team operates a program aimed at the prevention,
identification, and treatment of diabetes on a large Indian reservation. Which of the
following aspects of the program would be most likely to be classified as secondary
prevention?
A) Regularly scheduled wound dressing changes for clients who have foot ulcers
secondary to peripheral neuropathy and impaired wound healing
B) Teaching school children how a nutritious, traditional diet can lessen their chances
of developing adult-onset diabetes
C) Staffing a booth where community residents who are attending a baseball
tournament can have their blood glucose levels checked
D) Administering oral antihyperglycemic medications to clients who have a diagnosis
of diabetes
Ans: C
Feedback:
Secondary prevention focuses on screening and early disease identification, such as
checking the blood glucose levels of a large number of individuals to identify potential
cases of diabetes. Wound treatment and medication administration would be
considered tertiary interventions, and education would be considered primary
prevention.
18. An occupational therapist conducts a group therapy program called MindWorks
with older adults who have diagnoses of dementia and Alzheimer disease. The goal of
the group is to slow the cognitive decline of clients by engaging them in regular,
organized mental activity such as reading maps and solving puzzles. How would the
program most likely be characterized?
A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Prognosis enhancement
Ans: C
Feedback:
Interventions aimed at slowing the course of an already-diagnosed disease
characterize tertiary prevention.
19. The clinical educator of a hospital medical unit has the mandate of establishing
evidence-based practice guidelines for the nursing care on the unit. Which of the
following statements most accurately captures a guiding principle of the nurse's task?
A) Evidence-based practice guidelines will be rooted in research rather than nurses'
,
,
,
, TEST
Porths BANK PORTH'S
Pathophysiology ESSENTIALS
Concepts of Altered OF
Health States 11th Edition Norris Test Bank
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5TH EDITION
Parkinson disease
E) Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease
Ans: A, C
Feedback:
Development of pulmonary emboli and pulmonary fibrosis following chemotherapy are
both examples of a complication (adverse extensions of a disease or outcome from
treatment). It is normal to expect incisional pain following surgery. As Parkinson
disease progresses, the inability to walk independently is expected. This is a normal
progression for people diagnosed with Parkinson's. Loss of short-term memory in a
patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease is an expected finding.
8. Laboratory testing is ordered for a male patient during a clinic visit for a routine
follow-up assessment of hypertension. When interpreting lab values, the nurse knows
that
A) a normal value represents the test results that fall within the bell curve.
B) if the lab result is above the 50% distribution, the result is considered elevated.
C) all lab values are adjusted for gender and weight.
D) if the result of a very sensitive test is negative, that does not mean the person is
disease free.
Ans: A
Feedback:
What is termed a normal value for a laboratory test is established statistically from
results obtained from a selected sample of people. A normal value represents the test
results that fall within the bell curve or the 95% distribution. Some lab values (like
hemoglobin) are adjusted for gender, other comorbidities, or age. If the result of a
very sensitive test is negative, it tells us the person does not have the disease, and the
disease has been ruled out or excluded.
9. The laboratory technologists are discussing a new blood test that helps establish a
differential diagnosis between shortness of breath with a cardiac etiology and
shortness of breath with a respiratory/pulmonary etiology. A positive result is
purported to indicate a cardiac etiology. The marketers of the test report that 99.8% of
patients who have confirmed cardiac etiologies test positive in the test. However, 1.3%
of patients who do not have cardiac etiologies for their shortness of breath also test
positive. Which of the following statements best characterizes this blood test?
A) Low validity; high reliability
B) High sensitivity; low specificity
C) High specificity; low reliability
D) High sensitivity; low reliability
Ans: B
, TEST
Porths BANK PORTH'S
Pathophysiology ESSENTIALS
Concepts of Altered OF
Health States 11th Edition Norris Test Bank
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5TH EDITION
Feedback:
A large number of patients would receive the correct positive diagnosis (high
sensitivity), while a significant number would receive a false-positive diagnosis (low
specificity). The information given does not indicate low reliability or low validity.
10. As part of a screening program for prostate cancer, men at a senior citizens'
center are having their blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measured.
Which of the following statements would best characterize a high positive predictive
value but a low negative predictive value for this screening test?
A) All of the men who had high PSA levels developed prostate cancer; several men
who had low PSA levels also developed prostate cancer.
B) All of the men who had low PSA levels were cancer-free; several men who had
high levels also remained free of prostate cancer.
C) Men who had low PSA levels also displayed false-positive results for prostate
cancer; men with high levels were often falsely diagnosed with prostate cancer.
D) The test displayed low sensitivity but high specificity.
Ans: A
Feedback:
The test's inability to rule out cancer with a low PSA level indicates a low negative
predictive value. Answer B suggests a high negative predictive value, while answer C
indicates a low positive predictive value. High positive predictive value is associated
with high sensitivity.
11. A male international business traveler has returned from a trip to Indonesia. While
there, he hired a prostitute for companionship and engaged in unprotected sex on
more than one occasion. Unbeknownst to him, this prostitute harbored the hepatitis C
virus. Upon return to the United States, he exhibited no symptoms and returned to his
usual activities. During this period of no outward symptoms, the man would be
classified as being in
A) the preclinical stage of disease.
B) remission and unlikely to develop hepatitis C.
C) the clinical disease stage of hepatitis C.
D) the chronic phase of hepatitis C.
Ans: A
Feedback:
During the preclinical stage, the disease is not clinically evident but is destined to
progress to clinical disease.
12. As of November 1, 2012, there were a total of 10 confirmed cases of Hantavirus
infection in people who were recent visitors (mid-June to end of August, 2012) to
Yosemite National Park. Three visitors with confirmed cases died. Health officials
, TEST
Porths BANK PORTH'S
Pathophysiology ESSENTIALS
Concepts of Altered OF
Health States 11th Edition Norris Test Bank
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5TH EDITION
believe that 9 out of the 10 people with Hantavirus were exposed while staying in
Curry Village in the Signature Tent Cabins. This is an example of
A) what the anticipated mortality rate would be if a family of five were planning to
vacation in Yosemite National Park.
B) the prevalence of Hantavirus one can anticipate if he or she is going to vacation in
Yosemite National Park.
C) the low rate of morbidity one can expect while traveling to Yosemite National Park.
D) the incidence of people who are at risk for developing Hantavirus while staying in
Yosemite National Park.
Ans: D
Feedback:
The incidence reflects the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during
a specified time.
13. A particular disease has a debilitating effect on the ability of sufferers to perform
their activities of daily living and is a significant cause of decreased quality of life.
However, few people die as a result of the disease's direct effects. There are
hundreds of thousands of Americans living with the disease but relatively few new
cases in recent years. Which of the following statements best conveys an accurate
epidemiological characterization of the disease?
A) Low mortality; high morbidity; low prevalence; high incidence
B) Low mortality; high morbidity; high incidence; low prevalence
C) High mortality; low morbidity; high incidence; low prevalence
D) High morbidity; low mortality; high prevalence, low incidence
Ans: D
Feedback:
Morbidity is associated with quality of life, while mortality is indicative of causation of
death. In this case, morbidity is high and mortality is low. Prevalence refers to the
number of cases present in a population, while incidence refers to the number of new
cases. In this case, prevalence is high, while incidence is low.
14. An epidemiologist is conducting a program of research aimed at identifying
factors associated with incidence and prevalence of congenital cardiac defects in
infants. The researcher has recruited a large number of mothers whose infants were
born with cardiac defects as well as mothers whose infants were born with healthy
hearts. The researcher is comparing the nutritional habits of all the mothers while their
babies were in utero. Which of the following types of study is the epidemiologist most
likely conducting?
A) Cohort study
, TEST
Porths BANK PORTH'S
Pathophysiology ESSENTIALS
Concepts of Altered OF
Health States 11th Edition Norris Test Bank
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5TH EDITION
B) Cross-sectional study
C) Case–control study
D) Risk factor study
Ans: C
Feedback:
In this study, the mothers with cardiac-affected babies would be the case group, while
the mothers of healthy infants would serve as a control. This study does not possess
the characteristics of a cohort or cross-sectional study, and risk factor study is not an
existing methodology.
15. A nurse practitioner is working in a crowded neighborhood where the population
is primarily immigrants from China. The nurse has designed a research study to
follow children from kindergarten to the age of 25. She is going to be looking at their
diet, successful progression in school, health practices, and development of disease,
to name a few items. This type of research is known as
A) cohort study
B) cross-sectional study.
C) case–control study.
D) epidemiological study.
Ans: A
Feedback:
In this cohort study, a group of people who were born at approximately the same time
or share some characteristics of interest is the focus of the research. This study does
not possess the characteristics of a case–control or cross-sectional study, and
epidemiological study is not an existing methodology.
16. As part of a community class, student nurses are developing a class to teach
expectant parents the importance of having their child properly secured in a child
safety seat. During the class, the students are going to have a safety officer examine
the car seats that the parents have installed in their vehicles. This is an example of
which type of prevention?
A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Prognosis enhancement
Ans: A
Feedback:
Primary prevention is directed at keeping disease from occurring by removing risk
factors. Some primary prevention is mandated by law, like child safety seats.
Secondary prevention focuses on screening and early disease identification, whereas
, TEST
Porths BANK PORTH'S
Pathophysiology ESSENTIALS
Concepts of Altered OF
Health States 11th Edition Norris Test Bank
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 5TH EDITION
tertiary prevention is directed at interventions to prevent complications of a disease.
17. A multidisciplinary health care team operates a program aimed at the prevention,
identification, and treatment of diabetes on a large Indian reservation. Which of the
following aspects of the program would be most likely to be classified as secondary
prevention?
A) Regularly scheduled wound dressing changes for clients who have foot ulcers
secondary to peripheral neuropathy and impaired wound healing
B) Teaching school children how a nutritious, traditional diet can lessen their chances
of developing adult-onset diabetes
C) Staffing a booth where community residents who are attending a baseball
tournament can have their blood glucose levels checked
D) Administering oral antihyperglycemic medications to clients who have a diagnosis
of diabetes
Ans: C
Feedback:
Secondary prevention focuses on screening and early disease identification, such as
checking the blood glucose levels of a large number of individuals to identify potential
cases of diabetes. Wound treatment and medication administration would be
considered tertiary interventions, and education would be considered primary
prevention.
18. An occupational therapist conducts a group therapy program called MindWorks
with older adults who have diagnoses of dementia and Alzheimer disease. The goal of
the group is to slow the cognitive decline of clients by engaging them in regular,
organized mental activity such as reading maps and solving puzzles. How would the
program most likely be characterized?
A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) Prognosis enhancement
Ans: C
Feedback:
Interventions aimed at slowing the course of an already-diagnosed disease
characterize tertiary prevention.
19. The clinical educator of a hospital medical unit has the mandate of establishing
evidence-based practice guidelines for the nursing care on the unit. Which of the
following statements most accurately captures a guiding principle of the nurse's task?
A) Evidence-based practice guidelines will be rooted in research rather than nurses'
