Test Bank for Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, 9th Edition (Rogers, 2023), Chapter 1-49 + NCLEX Case Studies with answers | All Chapters

TESTBANK FOR mcCANCE AND HUETHER’S
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The Biological Basis for Diseases in
Adults and Children 9th Edition/All Chapters/Complete Guide
2024-2025

, Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
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MULTIPLE CHOICE AL




1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
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a. Cells can produce proteins. AL c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
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b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. AL d. Cells can synthesize fats.
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ACCURATE ANSWER:-C AL



Reasoning:-
>>>In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from
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their surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellu
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lar metabolic absorption.
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PTS: A L A L 1 REF: PG 2 A L AL




2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
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a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d. Lysosome A L A L




ACCURATE ANSWER:-C AL



Reasoning:-
>>>The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of R
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NA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-
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binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The other options do n
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ot contain most of a cell’s genetic information.
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PTS: A L A L 1 REF: PG 2 A L AL




3. Which component of the cell prodNuUceRsS IhNyGd TroBg. CenO M
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o remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
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a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes A L




ACCURATE ANSWER:-B AL



Reasoning:-
>>>Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen t
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o remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produce
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s H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or esca
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pes from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-
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protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted int
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o the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes. L
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ysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain more
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than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, n
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ucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Oxyhydrosomes are involved in enzyme production.
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PTS: A L A L 1 REF: PG 8 A L AL




4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during c
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ell injury?
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a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum AL AL



b. Golgi complex AL d. Lysosomes
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ACCURATE ANSWER:-D AL

, Reasoning:-
>>>The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive
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enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, blocking their leakage into the cytopl
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asmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads
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to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrat
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es, causing cellular self-
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digestion. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: A L A L 1 REF: PGs 7-8 A L AL




5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancr
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eas cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?
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a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to t
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he ribosome for synthesis, and is conducted in a secretory vesicle to the ce
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ll membrane. AL



b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the l
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ysosome for synthesis, and is conducted in an encapsulated membrane to the cell
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membrane. AL



c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the
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ribosome for synthesis, and is conducted in a cytoskeleton to the cell membrane
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.
d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
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Golgi complex for synthesis, and is conducted in a cytosol to the cell membrane
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.
ACCURATE ANSWER:-A AL



Reasoning:-
>>>The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribos
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ome for synthesis, and is conducted in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane. The o
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ther options do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: A L A L 1 REF: PG 7 | Figure 1-5
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6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
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a. G1 c. G2
b. S d. M A L




ACCURATE ANSWER:-B AL



Reasoning:-
>>>The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which
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is the period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the
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S phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the
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G2 phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the com
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pletion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes
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nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
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PTS: A L A L 1 REF: PG 37 A L AL




7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting
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as receptors, transportation/transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to driv
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e active pumps?
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a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates A L




ACCURATE ANSWER:-C AL

, Reasoning:-
>>>Proteins act as (1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving i
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n and out of the cell; (2) pores or transportation/transport channels for various electrical
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ly charged particles called ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and
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monosaccharides; and AL



(3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote the concentration of certain
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ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations of other i
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ons, for example, sodium (Na+), below the concentrations found in the extracellular en
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vironment. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: A L A L 1 REF: PG 13 | PG 15 A L AL AL AL AL




8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-
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mediated apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therap
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y for which human diseases?
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a. Cardiac and vascular disorders AL AL AL



b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders AL AL AL



c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders AL AL AL



d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders AL AL AL




ACCURATE ANSWER:-B AL



Reasoning:-
>>>Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing dr AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL AL



ug interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseas
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es, including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. The other options
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do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: A L A L 1 REF: A LA L PG 15 AL




9. Which structure blocks water- AL AL AL



soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
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membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains AL c. Membrane channel proteins AL AL



b. Glycoprotein channels AL d. Lipid bilayer
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ACCURATE ANSWER:-D AL



Reasoning:-
>>>The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma m
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embrane. It is impermeable to most water- AL AL AL AL AL AL



soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the water-
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soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier
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to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-
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soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through i
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t readily. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: A L A L 1 REF: PGs 12-13 A L AL




10. The fluid mosaic model explains:
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a. How a cell membrane functions AL AL AL AL



b. Why our bodies appear to be solid AL AL AL AL AL AL



c. How tissue is differentiated AL AL AL



d. How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments
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ACCURATE ANSWER:-A AL



Reasoning:-
>>>The fluid mosaic model accounts for the flexibility of cellular membranes, their
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self-
sealing properties, and their impermeability to many substances. The remaining options
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