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Immunotherapeutics MCB5252 Exam 3
Study Guide.
Septicemia - Answers✔The infection of bacteria (or their toxins) in the bloodstream; mainly
caused by the release of LPS from the lysis of Gram (-) bacteria (antibiotics can make this
worse)
Sepsis - Answers✔A complication of septicemia; the systemic response to the infection of
bacteria in the bloodstream (fever, hypertension, high WBC count)
Septic shock - Answers✔A complication of septicemia; organ dysfunction, hypotension (despite
normal amount of fluids), lactic acidosis, urine output drops, violent shaking (chills), fever, and
change in mental status
Coagulase - Answers✔An enzyme produced by S. aureus; forms blood clots to protect the
pathogen from phagocytosis
Collagenase - Answers✔An enzyme produced by Clostridium; breaks down the collagen of
connective tissue allowing the pathogen to spread easily in the host
Hemolysin - Answers✔A toxin produced by Staphylococci, streptococci, E. coli, and C.
perfringens; lyses RBCs to make iron available for pathogen growth
Hyaluronidase - Answers✔An enzyme produced by Streptococci, staphylococci, and
Clostridium; breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue allowing the pathogen to spread
easily in the host
IgA protease - Answers✔An enzyme produced by S. pneumoniae; degrades IgA allowing the
pathogen to invade the mucous membranes
Leukocidin - Answers✔A toxin produced by staphylococci and streptococci; forms pores in the
cell membrane of WBCs
Porin - Answers✔A toxin produced by S. enterica (Typhimurium); activates the adenylate
cyclase system to inhibit phagocytosis
Protein A - Answers✔A protein produced by S. aureus and S. pyogenes; binds to IgG preventing
complement fixation
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Streptokinase, staphylokinase - Answers✔An enzyme produced by streptococci and
staphylococci; digests blood clots which allows the pathogen to escape the clotted area and
disseminate
Endotoxin - Answers✔Associated with Gram (-) bacteria (LPS) and released in minute amounts
during growth; attached to the outer membrane and released upon lysis
Exotoxin - Answers✔Associated with both Gram (-) and (+) bacteria; target a different location
than where the bacteria grows; extremely potent (even at high dilutions)
Lipopolysaccharide - Answers✔Endotoxin is composed of:
Protein - Answers✔Exotoxin is composed of:
Endotoxin - Answers✔Of endotoxin and exotoxin, which is not denatured by boiling?
True - Answers✔T/F: endotoxin and exotoxin are both antigenic
Exotoxin - Answers✔Of endotoxin and exotoxin, which can be used to form a toxoid vaccine?
Exotoxin - Answers✔Of endotoxin and exotoxin, which is more potent?
Exotoxin - Answers✔Of endotoxin and exotoxin, which has a higher specificity for the target
tissue?
Exotoxin - Answers✔Of endotoxin and exotoxin, which acts enzymatically (usually)?
Endotoxin - Answers✔Of endotoxin and exotoxin, which always causes a fever (pyogenic)?
Subunit A - Answers✔Of the AB toxin (exotoxin), which subunit is responsible for the
enzymatic activity (and is unable to enter the host cell by itself)?
Subunit B - Answers✔Of the AB toxin (exotoxin), which subunit is responsible for the binding
to the host cell (but is nontoxic by itself; C-terminal is hydrophilic and N-terminal is
hydrophobic)?
Diphtheria AB exotoxin - Answers✔An AB enteric exotoxin that binds to the host intestinal cell
and inhibits elongation factor-2, preventing host protein synthesis
Alpha toxin - Answers✔A pore-forming exotoxin produced by S. aureus that self-assembles into
transmembranous pore, causing cell lysis
Cholera AB exotoxin - Answers✔An AB enteric exotoxin that binds to the host intestinal cell
and increases cAMP activity, causing export of solutes and massive water loss (watery diarrhea);
almost the same as the heal-labile toxin LT in E. coli
Pyrogenic exotoxin - Answers✔An exotoxin produced by staphylococci and streptococci that
acts as a superantigen (T-cells/APCs overstimulated -> cytokine storm -> host shock/death)
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Immunotherapeutics MCB5252 Exam 3
Study Guide.
Septicemia - Answers✔The infection of bacteria (or their toxins) in the bloodstream; mainly
caused by the release of LPS from the lysis of Gram (-) bacteria (antibiotics can make this
worse)
Sepsis - Answers✔A complication of septicemia; the systemic response to the infection of
bacteria in the bloodstream (fever, hypertension, high WBC count)
Septic shock - Answers✔A complication of septicemia; organ dysfunction, hypotension (despite
normal amount of fluids), lactic acidosis, urine output drops, violent shaking (chills), fever, and
change in mental status
Coagulase - Answers✔An enzyme produced by S. aureus; forms blood clots to protect the
pathogen from phagocytosis
Collagenase - Answers✔An enzyme produced by Clostridium; breaks down the collagen of
connective tissue allowing the pathogen to spread easily in the host
Hemolysin - Answers✔A toxin produced by Staphylococci, streptococci, E. coli, and C.
perfringens; lyses RBCs to make iron available for pathogen growth
Hyaluronidase - Answers✔An enzyme produced by Streptococci, staphylococci, and
Clostridium; breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue allowing the pathogen to spread
easily in the host
IgA protease - Answers✔An enzyme produced by S. pneumoniae; degrades IgA allowing the
pathogen to invade the mucous membranes
Leukocidin - Answers✔A toxin produced by staphylococci and streptococci; forms pores in the
cell membrane of WBCs
Porin - Answers✔A toxin produced by S. enterica (Typhimurium); activates the adenylate
cyclase system to inhibit phagocytosis
Protein A - Answers✔A protein produced by S. aureus and S. pyogenes; binds to IgG preventing
complement fixation
1
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Streptokinase, staphylokinase - Answers✔An enzyme produced by streptococci and
staphylococci; digests blood clots which allows the pathogen to escape the clotted area and
disseminate
Endotoxin - Answers✔Associated with Gram (-) bacteria (LPS) and released in minute amounts
during growth; attached to the outer membrane and released upon lysis
Exotoxin - Answers✔Associated with both Gram (-) and (+) bacteria; target a different location
than where the bacteria grows; extremely potent (even at high dilutions)
Lipopolysaccharide - Answers✔Endotoxin is composed of:
Protein - Answers✔Exotoxin is composed of:
Endotoxin - Answers✔Of endotoxin and exotoxin, which is not denatured by boiling?
True - Answers✔T/F: endotoxin and exotoxin are both antigenic
Exotoxin - Answers✔Of endotoxin and exotoxin, which can be used to form a toxoid vaccine?
Exotoxin - Answers✔Of endotoxin and exotoxin, which is more potent?
Exotoxin - Answers✔Of endotoxin and exotoxin, which has a higher specificity for the target
tissue?
Exotoxin - Answers✔Of endotoxin and exotoxin, which acts enzymatically (usually)?
Endotoxin - Answers✔Of endotoxin and exotoxin, which always causes a fever (pyogenic)?
Subunit A - Answers✔Of the AB toxin (exotoxin), which subunit is responsible for the
enzymatic activity (and is unable to enter the host cell by itself)?
Subunit B - Answers✔Of the AB toxin (exotoxin), which subunit is responsible for the binding
to the host cell (but is nontoxic by itself; C-terminal is hydrophilic and N-terminal is
hydrophobic)?
Diphtheria AB exotoxin - Answers✔An AB enteric exotoxin that binds to the host intestinal cell
and inhibits elongation factor-2, preventing host protein synthesis
Alpha toxin - Answers✔A pore-forming exotoxin produced by S. aureus that self-assembles into
transmembranous pore, causing cell lysis
Cholera AB exotoxin - Answers✔An AB enteric exotoxin that binds to the host intestinal cell
and increases cAMP activity, causing export of solutes and massive water loss (watery diarrhea);
almost the same as the heal-labile toxin LT in E. coli
Pyrogenic exotoxin - Answers✔An exotoxin produced by staphylococci and streptococci that
acts as a superantigen (T-cells/APCs overstimulated -> cytokine storm -> host shock/death)
2
