1|Page
BIOS 255 Final Exam Questions and Answers 100%
Pass
What makes up formed elements? - ANSWER ✔✔-erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
What makes up the plasma portion of blood? - ANSWER ✔✔-Plasma is 55% of volume
-Albumins- 54%Most abundant- osmostic pressure
-Globulins- 38%-immune
-Fibringens- 7%- clotting
What types of substances are transported by the blood? - ANSWER ✔✔-Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Hormones
Heat
Waste
Nutrients
How does the blood protect against excessive loss and infection? - ANSWER ✔✔-Immune Response
-macrophages
-globulins
Blood Clotting
-fibrinogen
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,2|Page
-Hemostasis
Against Disease
-Antibodies
-Interferons
-Complement system
What is the longevity of lymphocytes, as compared to other blood cells? - ANSWER ✔✔-They can live
several months to years but most live for few days
What is hemopoiesis? - ANSWER ✔✔-Production of ALL blood cells
What does pluripotent mean? - ANSWER ✔✔-Ability of a stem cell to develop into many different cell
types
Describe the characteristics of hemoglobin - ANSWER ✔✔--Protein carries oxygen to tissue and approx.
20% of carbon dioxide
-Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 heme(iron) so they bind to 4 oxygen molecules
-nitric acid can bind to them which triggers vasodilation, increase blood flow
What is vasodilation? - ANSWER ✔✔-dilation(widening) of blood vessels
Describe the characteristics of red blood cells - ANSWER ✔✔-Transport O2 & CO2
-no nucleus
-no organelles
-Biconcave disc
-live for days to weeks
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
, 3|Page
Discuss the relationship of hemoglobin to nitric oxide? - ANSWER ✔✔-nitric oxide can bind to the
hemoglobin molecule which triggers vasoldilation. Increases blood flow, but decreases pressure
What is the importance of carbonic anhydrase? - ANSWER ✔✔-Present in RBC. Aids in conversion of
carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions --> reaches lungs to help convert bicarbonate ions
back to carbon dioxide
How long do red blood cells live? what happens to dead cells? - ANSWER ✔✔-Can live for days/weeks
-Dead RBC go to liver/spleen -> macrophages break down (recycle) -> heme and globulins -> Iron (from
heme) and Amino Acids
What is erythropoiesis? where does it take place? - ANSWER ✔✔-Production of Red Blood Cells
-Occurs in red bone marrow
What are reticulocytes? - ANSWER ✔✔-Newly produced, relatively immature red blood cells
What is erythropoietin? - ANSWER ✔✔-a hormone released by kidneys in response to hypoxia ( low O2
levels) to stimulate erythropoiesis
What are the characteristics of leukocytes? - ANSWER ✔✔-WBC
-Has nucleus
-Has organelles
-no hemoglobins
-can live for years
What are the two classes of leukocytes - ANSWER ✔✔-granular and agranular
Name all types of leukocytes that fall under the two classes - ANSWER ✔✔-Granular
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
BIOS 255 Final Exam Questions and Answers 100%
Pass
What makes up formed elements? - ANSWER ✔✔-erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
What makes up the plasma portion of blood? - ANSWER ✔✔-Plasma is 55% of volume
-Albumins- 54%Most abundant- osmostic pressure
-Globulins- 38%-immune
-Fibringens- 7%- clotting
What types of substances are transported by the blood? - ANSWER ✔✔-Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Hormones
Heat
Waste
Nutrients
How does the blood protect against excessive loss and infection? - ANSWER ✔✔-Immune Response
-macrophages
-globulins
Blood Clotting
-fibrinogen
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,2|Page
-Hemostasis
Against Disease
-Antibodies
-Interferons
-Complement system
What is the longevity of lymphocytes, as compared to other blood cells? - ANSWER ✔✔-They can live
several months to years but most live for few days
What is hemopoiesis? - ANSWER ✔✔-Production of ALL blood cells
What does pluripotent mean? - ANSWER ✔✔-Ability of a stem cell to develop into many different cell
types
Describe the characteristics of hemoglobin - ANSWER ✔✔--Protein carries oxygen to tissue and approx.
20% of carbon dioxide
-Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 heme(iron) so they bind to 4 oxygen molecules
-nitric acid can bind to them which triggers vasodilation, increase blood flow
What is vasodilation? - ANSWER ✔✔-dilation(widening) of blood vessels
Describe the characteristics of red blood cells - ANSWER ✔✔-Transport O2 & CO2
-no nucleus
-no organelles
-Biconcave disc
-live for days to weeks
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
, 3|Page
Discuss the relationship of hemoglobin to nitric oxide? - ANSWER ✔✔-nitric oxide can bind to the
hemoglobin molecule which triggers vasoldilation. Increases blood flow, but decreases pressure
What is the importance of carbonic anhydrase? - ANSWER ✔✔-Present in RBC. Aids in conversion of
carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions --> reaches lungs to help convert bicarbonate ions
back to carbon dioxide
How long do red blood cells live? what happens to dead cells? - ANSWER ✔✔-Can live for days/weeks
-Dead RBC go to liver/spleen -> macrophages break down (recycle) -> heme and globulins -> Iron (from
heme) and Amino Acids
What is erythropoiesis? where does it take place? - ANSWER ✔✔-Production of Red Blood Cells
-Occurs in red bone marrow
What are reticulocytes? - ANSWER ✔✔-Newly produced, relatively immature red blood cells
What is erythropoietin? - ANSWER ✔✔-a hormone released by kidneys in response to hypoxia ( low O2
levels) to stimulate erythropoiesis
What are the characteristics of leukocytes? - ANSWER ✔✔-WBC
-Has nucleus
-Has organelles
-no hemoglobins
-can live for years
What are the two classes of leukocytes - ANSWER ✔✔-granular and agranular
Name all types of leukocytes that fall under the two classes - ANSWER ✔✔-Granular
Created by Grace Amelia © 2025, All Rights Reserved.
