Exam 4 FA Davis Questions and
answers
Atherosclerosis - --Basic physiological change that results in cardiovascular
disease
-Foam cell formation
-C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels are used for assessment
(Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis in which the lumen of arterial
wall becomes occluded with plaques. The plaques are formed from
cholesterol and white blood cells forming foam cells. Although white blood
cells are involved, formation of the plaques is not due to an autoimmune
response. Elevated C-reactive protein (an inflammation marker) and
homocysteine levels have been associated with atherosclerosis.)
- Aneurysm - --Weak arterial wall resulting in bulging of the artery
-Abdominal aorta most commonly affected
-Fusiform and saccular shapes
(An aneurysm is a bulge in an arterial wall. The most common location for an
aneurysm is the abdominal aorta. An aneurysm may present in different
forms including fusiform and saccular. Surgical repair is not always
necessary with an aneurysm, and death does not occur at a high rate within
the first 24 hours of development. Takayasu arteritis is a form of vasculitis,
and is not a type of aneurysm)
- Aortic Dissection - --Blood pressure differential between right and left arm
-Sudden onset of symptoms including chest pain and tearing sound
-Surgical repair required
-33% of patients die within first 24 hours
(Aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition in which a tear in the inner
layer of the aortic wall appears. Blood pours into the tear, separating
(dissecting) the inner layer from the middle layer. If the tear ruptures, death
may result. Almost one-third of patients with aortic dissection die within the
first 24 hours. Surgical repair of the tear is needed. Signs and symptoms
include a sudden onset of severe chest pain. Depending on the location of
the dissection, blood flow to either arm may be compromised, resulting in a
difference in pressure between the arms)
- Vasculitis - --Immune complexes deposited in arterial walls
-Takayasu arteritis is an example
-Associated with autoimmune process
,(Vasculitis is inflammation of the vessels, and both arteries and veins may be
involved. The disease may be systemic or affect one area or tissue of the
body. Several forms of vasculitis exist, and an autoimmune component, with
immune complexes deposited in the arterial walls, has been found to play a
role. Signs and symptoms of vasculitis vary, depending on the tissues
involved. Takayasu arteritis is one example of vasculitis; it affects the aorta
and pulmonary arteries)
- Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) - --Intermittent claudication
-Decreased peripheral pulses
-Ankle-brachial index used for assessment
(Peripheral artery disease results in decreased blood flow to the extremities.
Most commonly, the arteries of the legs are affected. Depending on the
extent of the blockage, peripheral pulses may be diminished. The ankle-
brachial index (ABI) compares the blood pressure in the ankles with the
blood pressure in the arms and may be reduced with peripheral arterial
disease in the lower extremities. When blood flow through the narrowed
arteries cannot match the metabolic demands of the tissues, intermittent
claudication results)
- The results return with the following values:
Total cholesterol: 238 mg/dL
LDL cholesterol: 160 mg/dL
HDL cholesterol: 35 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 210 mg/dL
Which of these values are considered high? Select all that apply.
Total cholesterol
LDL
HDL
Triglycerides - --LDL
-Triglycerides
(High LDL is 160 to 189 mg/dL and high triglycerides is 200 to 499 mg/dL.
Total cholesterol is borderline high (200 to 239 mg/dL) and HDL is low)
- For cardiac health, which of the following should Ms. West work to elevate?
Select all that apply.
Total cholesterol
LDL
HDL
Triglycerides - --HDL
, (high-density lipoprotein, is considered to the "good cholesterol," as it
transports cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver. A regular exercise
program has been shown to increase HDL levels)
- Other laboratory results indicate fasting plasma glucose of 120 mg/dL, an
elevated TSH, and reduced thyroxine level. Based on these results and her
patient data, which additional risk factors for hyperlipidemia may Ms. West
have? Select all that apply.
Hyperthyroidism
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hypothyroidism
Obesity
Pre-menopausal - --Type 2 diabetes mellitus
-Hypothyroidism
-Obesity
(Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, and obesity are all risk factors for
hyperlipidemia. Given the laboratory results, Ms. West should have further
evaluations for hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Her BMI
currently places her in the "obese" category)
- In addition to the laboratory values, a physical examination of Ms. West is
conducted. Which of the following are associated with hyperlipidemia? Select
all that apply.
Wheezing
Xanthoma
Clubbing of fingers
Skin ulcers
Xanthelasma
Cyanosis - --Xanthoma and xanthelasma
(yellowish deposits under the skin and near the eye)
- Ms. West requests further information about hyperlipidemia and its effects
on the body. Which of the following statements regarding lipids are correct?
Select all that apply.
LDL lipoproteins and triglycerides play a role in atherosclerosis.
Foam cells that result in plaque formation arise from neutrophils.
The only source of cholesterol in the body is dietary intake.
Atherosclerotic plaques disintegrate into foam cells.
High levels of LDL cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol increase risk
for cardiovascular disease. - --LDL lipoproteins and triglycerides play a role
in atherosclerosis.
answers
Atherosclerosis - --Basic physiological change that results in cardiovascular
disease
-Foam cell formation
-C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels are used for assessment
(Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis in which the lumen of arterial
wall becomes occluded with plaques. The plaques are formed from
cholesterol and white blood cells forming foam cells. Although white blood
cells are involved, formation of the plaques is not due to an autoimmune
response. Elevated C-reactive protein (an inflammation marker) and
homocysteine levels have been associated with atherosclerosis.)
- Aneurysm - --Weak arterial wall resulting in bulging of the artery
-Abdominal aorta most commonly affected
-Fusiform and saccular shapes
(An aneurysm is a bulge in an arterial wall. The most common location for an
aneurysm is the abdominal aorta. An aneurysm may present in different
forms including fusiform and saccular. Surgical repair is not always
necessary with an aneurysm, and death does not occur at a high rate within
the first 24 hours of development. Takayasu arteritis is a form of vasculitis,
and is not a type of aneurysm)
- Aortic Dissection - --Blood pressure differential between right and left arm
-Sudden onset of symptoms including chest pain and tearing sound
-Surgical repair required
-33% of patients die within first 24 hours
(Aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition in which a tear in the inner
layer of the aortic wall appears. Blood pours into the tear, separating
(dissecting) the inner layer from the middle layer. If the tear ruptures, death
may result. Almost one-third of patients with aortic dissection die within the
first 24 hours. Surgical repair of the tear is needed. Signs and symptoms
include a sudden onset of severe chest pain. Depending on the location of
the dissection, blood flow to either arm may be compromised, resulting in a
difference in pressure between the arms)
- Vasculitis - --Immune complexes deposited in arterial walls
-Takayasu arteritis is an example
-Associated with autoimmune process
,(Vasculitis is inflammation of the vessels, and both arteries and veins may be
involved. The disease may be systemic or affect one area or tissue of the
body. Several forms of vasculitis exist, and an autoimmune component, with
immune complexes deposited in the arterial walls, has been found to play a
role. Signs and symptoms of vasculitis vary, depending on the tissues
involved. Takayasu arteritis is one example of vasculitis; it affects the aorta
and pulmonary arteries)
- Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) - --Intermittent claudication
-Decreased peripheral pulses
-Ankle-brachial index used for assessment
(Peripheral artery disease results in decreased blood flow to the extremities.
Most commonly, the arteries of the legs are affected. Depending on the
extent of the blockage, peripheral pulses may be diminished. The ankle-
brachial index (ABI) compares the blood pressure in the ankles with the
blood pressure in the arms and may be reduced with peripheral arterial
disease in the lower extremities. When blood flow through the narrowed
arteries cannot match the metabolic demands of the tissues, intermittent
claudication results)
- The results return with the following values:
Total cholesterol: 238 mg/dL
LDL cholesterol: 160 mg/dL
HDL cholesterol: 35 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 210 mg/dL
Which of these values are considered high? Select all that apply.
Total cholesterol
LDL
HDL
Triglycerides - --LDL
-Triglycerides
(High LDL is 160 to 189 mg/dL and high triglycerides is 200 to 499 mg/dL.
Total cholesterol is borderline high (200 to 239 mg/dL) and HDL is low)
- For cardiac health, which of the following should Ms. West work to elevate?
Select all that apply.
Total cholesterol
LDL
HDL
Triglycerides - --HDL
, (high-density lipoprotein, is considered to the "good cholesterol," as it
transports cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver. A regular exercise
program has been shown to increase HDL levels)
- Other laboratory results indicate fasting plasma glucose of 120 mg/dL, an
elevated TSH, and reduced thyroxine level. Based on these results and her
patient data, which additional risk factors for hyperlipidemia may Ms. West
have? Select all that apply.
Hyperthyroidism
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hypothyroidism
Obesity
Pre-menopausal - --Type 2 diabetes mellitus
-Hypothyroidism
-Obesity
(Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, and obesity are all risk factors for
hyperlipidemia. Given the laboratory results, Ms. West should have further
evaluations for hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Her BMI
currently places her in the "obese" category)
- In addition to the laboratory values, a physical examination of Ms. West is
conducted. Which of the following are associated with hyperlipidemia? Select
all that apply.
Wheezing
Xanthoma
Clubbing of fingers
Skin ulcers
Xanthelasma
Cyanosis - --Xanthoma and xanthelasma
(yellowish deposits under the skin and near the eye)
- Ms. West requests further information about hyperlipidemia and its effects
on the body. Which of the following statements regarding lipids are correct?
Select all that apply.
LDL lipoproteins and triglycerides play a role in atherosclerosis.
Foam cells that result in plaque formation arise from neutrophils.
The only source of cholesterol in the body is dietary intake.
Atherosclerotic plaques disintegrate into foam cells.
High levels of LDL cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol increase risk
for cardiovascular disease. - --LDL lipoproteins and triglycerides play a role
in atherosclerosis.
