Science Medicine
GALEN NUR 210 PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1
ACTUAL EXAM 2024 EXAM COMPLETE 250
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS)
/ALREADY GRADED A+
Leave the first rating
Terms in this set (164)
The process in which medications move through the
Pharmacokinetics
body
What are the 4 phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
pharmacokinetics?
happens with drug movement from the GI tract into
Absorption
the bloodstream. Most meds are taken by mouth.
Takes awhile to get absorbed because it has to go
through the GI system
Usually takes 2-4 hours
Oral absorption •Enteric coated
aspirin - hard on stomach
can not crush pill
•Extended release
absorbed in the small intestine
IM absorption Absorbed 1-2 hours
IV absorption Absorbed 30-60 minutes
, Dissolution happens when a po medication breaks
down into particles, disintegrates, and dissolves to
combine with liquid so absorption from the GI tract
dissolution
into the bloodstream occurs.
Liquid medications are absorbed faster than solids.
Food can interfere with the absorption of drugs.
Parenteral medications (SL, eyedrops, inhalants,
transdermal) do not pass through the GI tract.
Drugs that resist Enteric coated medications are designed to resist
dissolution disintegration until the pill reaches the small
intestine. EC and sustained release meds should not
be crushed.
•Lack of muscle and increased fat changes medicine
absorption
•Food consumption - will change medicine potency
Factors that affect (delayed)
absorption •Stress - Exercise, medicine goes to muscle
•pH - Medicine is made for acidic environments
•Antacid changes absorption
•Taken alone so it doesn't change the action
Fillers and other substances that make up tablets as
a pill is not 100% drug.
Sometimes an excipient enhances the absorption of
Excipients a drug such as with PCN, which is not well absorbed
from the GI tract.
Adding Na to PCN, which makes it penicillin sodium,
will increase the absorption of PCN
•the oral drugs go to liver via portal vein where
first pass effect some of the drug becomes inactive
•Only happens with oral medications
delayed gastric emptying Food doesn't move like it should
refers to the movement of the drug from the
Distribution
circulation to body tissues
, -blood flow to tissues
Factors affecting -protein binding
distribution -blood brain barrier
-drug's affinity to the tissue
Drugs bind with proteins in blood
protein binding Some drugs are highly protein bound and other are
weakly protein bound
free drugs drugs not bound to protein
-Two highly protein bound drugs compete and one
might accumulate and cause a toxicity
-it is important to know if you are administering
highly protein bound medications and monitor
albumin levels in patients with liver or kidney
Drug Toxicity
disease.
-Some drugs that are highly protein bound include:
Warfarin
Furosemide
Diazepam
-A decrease in albumin levels decrease the protein-
binding sites, which means more of the free drug is
circulated.
-This can be fatal with some meds.
Drug distribution and
-Free drugs are those not bound to protein, which
albumin
means they are active in the body and cause a
pharmacologic response.
-Older adults, malnourished individuals, and those
with liver or kidney disease have low albumin levels.
-The BBB protects the brain from most drugs.
-Some meds are able to cross the BBB such as
benzodiazepines.
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
-Drugs can cross the placenta and cause
spontaneous abortion or alter fetal growth and
development.
•Chemically changes drug to a form that can be
Metabolism excreted
•Liver primary site
, •the time it takes for the drug in the body to be
half-life
reduced by half
use of a higher dose than what is usually used for
treatment to allow the drug to reach the critical
Loading dose concentration (therapeutic level) sooner
•Blood thinner
•Antibiotic
the removal of waste products from medications
which is done mainly through the kidneys
Exceretion
Other routes for include lungs, sweat, saliva, and
bile
Disorders in which the blood flow to the kidneys is
Factors effecting reduced will influence drug excretion.
excretion Dehydration, CKD, and glomerulonephritis are
examples.
Lab tests to determine kidney and renal function
Drug Elimination and include: Creatinine (0.5-1.1 female, 0.6-1.2 male) BUN
Patients with Kidney (10-20) eGFR (60-90+)
Disease You should be aware of patients kidney function
status as this will determine drug dosage.)
Drug Elimination and Lab tests to determine liver function include: ALT (4-
patients with liver disease 36) and AST (0-35)
Onset time it takes for drug to start working
Peak highest concentration in blood
duration length of therapeutic effect
•highest (30 minutes after giving) and lowest (right
Peak and Trough before giving second dose) amount of drug in
blood
Agonist desired response
Antagonist undesired response
Expected
Secondary effects
side effects
Can be desirable or undesirable
Report if effects are desirable or not
GALEN NUR 210 PHARMACOLOGY EXAM 1
ACTUAL EXAM 2024 EXAM COMPLETE 250
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS)
/ALREADY GRADED A+
Leave the first rating
Terms in this set (164)
The process in which medications move through the
Pharmacokinetics
body
What are the 4 phases of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
pharmacokinetics?
happens with drug movement from the GI tract into
Absorption
the bloodstream. Most meds are taken by mouth.
Takes awhile to get absorbed because it has to go
through the GI system
Usually takes 2-4 hours
Oral absorption •Enteric coated
aspirin - hard on stomach
can not crush pill
•Extended release
absorbed in the small intestine
IM absorption Absorbed 1-2 hours
IV absorption Absorbed 30-60 minutes
, Dissolution happens when a po medication breaks
down into particles, disintegrates, and dissolves to
combine with liquid so absorption from the GI tract
dissolution
into the bloodstream occurs.
Liquid medications are absorbed faster than solids.
Food can interfere with the absorption of drugs.
Parenteral medications (SL, eyedrops, inhalants,
transdermal) do not pass through the GI tract.
Drugs that resist Enteric coated medications are designed to resist
dissolution disintegration until the pill reaches the small
intestine. EC and sustained release meds should not
be crushed.
•Lack of muscle and increased fat changes medicine
absorption
•Food consumption - will change medicine potency
Factors that affect (delayed)
absorption •Stress - Exercise, medicine goes to muscle
•pH - Medicine is made for acidic environments
•Antacid changes absorption
•Taken alone so it doesn't change the action
Fillers and other substances that make up tablets as
a pill is not 100% drug.
Sometimes an excipient enhances the absorption of
Excipients a drug such as with PCN, which is not well absorbed
from the GI tract.
Adding Na to PCN, which makes it penicillin sodium,
will increase the absorption of PCN
•the oral drugs go to liver via portal vein where
first pass effect some of the drug becomes inactive
•Only happens with oral medications
delayed gastric emptying Food doesn't move like it should
refers to the movement of the drug from the
Distribution
circulation to body tissues
, -blood flow to tissues
Factors affecting -protein binding
distribution -blood brain barrier
-drug's affinity to the tissue
Drugs bind with proteins in blood
protein binding Some drugs are highly protein bound and other are
weakly protein bound
free drugs drugs not bound to protein
-Two highly protein bound drugs compete and one
might accumulate and cause a toxicity
-it is important to know if you are administering
highly protein bound medications and monitor
albumin levels in patients with liver or kidney
Drug Toxicity
disease.
-Some drugs that are highly protein bound include:
Warfarin
Furosemide
Diazepam
-A decrease in albumin levels decrease the protein-
binding sites, which means more of the free drug is
circulated.
-This can be fatal with some meds.
Drug distribution and
-Free drugs are those not bound to protein, which
albumin
means they are active in the body and cause a
pharmacologic response.
-Older adults, malnourished individuals, and those
with liver or kidney disease have low albumin levels.
-The BBB protects the brain from most drugs.
-Some meds are able to cross the BBB such as
benzodiazepines.
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
-Drugs can cross the placenta and cause
spontaneous abortion or alter fetal growth and
development.
•Chemically changes drug to a form that can be
Metabolism excreted
•Liver primary site
, •the time it takes for the drug in the body to be
half-life
reduced by half
use of a higher dose than what is usually used for
treatment to allow the drug to reach the critical
Loading dose concentration (therapeutic level) sooner
•Blood thinner
•Antibiotic
the removal of waste products from medications
which is done mainly through the kidneys
Exceretion
Other routes for include lungs, sweat, saliva, and
bile
Disorders in which the blood flow to the kidneys is
Factors effecting reduced will influence drug excretion.
excretion Dehydration, CKD, and glomerulonephritis are
examples.
Lab tests to determine kidney and renal function
Drug Elimination and include: Creatinine (0.5-1.1 female, 0.6-1.2 male) BUN
Patients with Kidney (10-20) eGFR (60-90+)
Disease You should be aware of patients kidney function
status as this will determine drug dosage.)
Drug Elimination and Lab tests to determine liver function include: ALT (4-
patients with liver disease 36) and AST (0-35)
Onset time it takes for drug to start working
Peak highest concentration in blood
duration length of therapeutic effect
•highest (30 minutes after giving) and lowest (right
Peak and Trough before giving second dose) amount of drug in
blood
Agonist desired response
Antagonist undesired response
Expected
Secondary effects
side effects
Can be desirable or undesirable
Report if effects are desirable or not
