BIOL 235 Midterm 2

BIOL 235 Midterm 2
n n n


betweennthenoriginnandninsertionnwhichnisnusuallynlocatednproximallyninnlimbsn?n-nOrigin



WhatnhappensnduringnREVERSEnMUSCLEnACTION?n-
nspecificnmovementsnofnthenbodynthenactionsnarenreversednTHEREFORnthenpositionsnofnthenoriginnandninse

rtionnofnanmusclenarenswitched



Whatnisnanmechanicalnadvantagenusingnthenexamplenofnanlever?n-
nifnthenloadnisncloserntonthenfulcrumnandntheneffortnisnfarthernfromnthenfulcrumnonlynansmallnaboutnofneffort

nisnneededntonmoventhenload




Bonesnservenasnleversnandnjointsnservenasn________nfornthenlevern-nfulcrum



Agonistn(PrimenMovers)n_________nmusclesnwhilenantagonistn____________nmusclesn-ncontract,nrelax



Whatnarenmusclesnthatncontractnandnstabilizenthenintermediatenjointsncalled?n-nsynergists



Whatnisnangroupnofnskeletalnmuscles,ntheirnbloodnvessels,nandnnervesncalled?n-nCompartment



Originnanninsertionnofnthenmassetern-nOriginn=nmaxillanandnzygomaticnarch

Insertionn=nanglenandnramusnofnthenmandible



Whatnisnthenoriginnofnthendeltoidn?n-nacromialnextremitynofnclavicle,nacromion,nandnspinenofnscapula



Whatnarenthen3nmusclesnthatnmakenupnthenhamstringn?n-
nsemimebranosous,nsemitendinosus,nbicepsnfemoris




Whatn4nmusclesnmakenupnthenQuadsn?n-
nrectusnfemoris,nvastusnlateralis,nvastusnmedialis,nvastusnintermedialis

,Whatndonyouncallnansmallnmassnofnnervousntissuenthatnisnmadenupnprimarilynofnneuronncellnbodies?n-
nGanglia




Thensomaticnnervousnsystemnonlynsendsnimpulsesnton________nmusclesn-nskeletal



FightnornFlightnisnassociatednwithnwhichndivisionnofnthenautonomicnnervousnsystem?n-nSympathetic



Whatnisnthenabilityntonrespondntonanstimulusnandnconvertnitnintonannactionnpotential?n-
nelectricalnexcitability




Whatntypenofnneuronsnusuallynhavenseveralndendritenandnonnaxonn,nandnarennormnallynfoundninnbrainnandn
spinalncordnasnwellnasnmotornneurons?n-nMultipolar



Whatntypenofnneuronsnhavenonenmainndendritenandnonenaxonnasnwellnasnarenprimarilynfoundninnthenretinan
ofntheneye,ninnernear,nandnthenolfactorynareanofnbrain?n-nBipolar



Whatntypenofnneuronsnhasndendritesnandnonenaxonnthatnarenfusedntogetherntonformnancontinuousnprocess
nthatnemergesnfromnthencellnbody?n-nUnipolarnornPseudounipolar




Thenprocessesnofn________nmakencontactnwithnbloodncapillaries,nneurons,nandnthenpianmatern-nastrocytes



Whatnneuroglianhasnthesenfunctions?



1.ncontainnmicrofilamentsnthatngiventhemnstrengthnandnallownthemntonsupportnneurons

2.ncontributesntontheneffectivenessnofnBBB

3.innembyro,ntheynsecretnchemicalsnthatnregulatenthingsn

4.nhelpnmaintainnannappropriatenchemicalnenvironmentnfornnervenimpulsengeneration

5.nplaynanroleninnhearingnandnmemoryn-nAstrocytes



Whatnneuroglianresemblenastrocytesnbutnarensmallernandncontainnfewernprocessesnasnwellnasnarenresponsi
blenfronformingnndnmaintiangnmyelinnsheath?n-nOligodendrocytes

, Whatnneuroglianarensmallncellsnwithnslendernprocessesnthatngiventhemnanspinenlikenprojectionsnasnwellnasna
ctnasnphagocytes?n-nMicroglialnCells



Whatntypenofnneurgliancellsnarencuboidalnandncolumanrnarrangedninnansinglenlayernthatnpossessnmicrovillina
ndncilia?ntheynproducenandnpossiblynmonitornandnassistninnthencirculationnofnCSFn-nEpendymalnCells



Whatnarenthen2ntypesnofnneuroglianinnthenPNS?n-nSchwannnandnsatellitencells



Whatntypenofnmotornneuronndirectlynsuppliesnskeletalnmusclenfibers?n-nlowernmotornneurons



Whatndonallnofnthesenfactorsncontributento?



1.nunequalndistributionnofnionsninnthenECFnandncytosol

2.ninabilitynofnmostnanionsntonleaventhencells

3.nelectrogenicnnaturenofnthensodiumnpotassiumnATPasesn-nRestingnmembranenpotential



Hyperpolarizedncellsnaren_______nnegativeninsiden?n-nMore



Whatnmodenofntravelnbynwhichngradednpotentialsndienoutnasntheynspreadnalongnthenmembranen?n-
ndecrementalnconduction




Whatnkindnofnionnchannelsnarenfoundninnnearlynallncells,nincludingndendrites,ncellnbodies,nandnaxonsnofnallnt
ypesnofnneurons?n-nLeaknchannels



Whatnkindnofnionnchannelncannbenfoundninnpainnreceptors?n-nmechanically-gatednchannels



Whatnrefractorynperiodncausesnvoltagengatednsodiumnchannelnactivationngatesnarenopennasnwellnasnthenvol
tagengatednpotassiumnchannelsnarenopeningnandnthennsodiumnchannelsnareninactivating?n-
nabsolutenrefractorynperiod