Biochemistry
Cell Signaling, Insulin
Compiled By Simon Mwangi
Edition: 2024/25
, Science | Biochemistry I of VII pages
1. what is the major metabolic fuel?
glucose
2. how are circulating levels of glucose tightly regulated>
opposing actions of insulin and glucagon
3. insulin
glucagon
lowers blood glucose levels
raises blood glucose levels
4. glycogenesis
converts smaller carbon molecules such as pyruvate into G6P to glucose to glycogen
5. where is glucose derived from?
material ingested in the diet
6. carbohydrates exist in nature as (3)
polysaccharides (starch, glycogen)disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)monosaccharides (galactose,
7. starch represents about % of carbohydrate intake for westerners (% sucrose, % lactose)
60%
20%, 10%
8. carbohydrates are broken down into in the gut
hexoses
9. hexoses cannot pass freely though the cell membrane, so they are absorbed via
glucose transporters like GLUT4
10. the mammalian brain depends upon glucose as it is the primary/major source of energy. the brain uses %
20%
when glucose levels drop, the brain still uses up all the glucose at the expense of other cells
11. regulation of high blood glucose levels
the pancreas secretes insulin from the beta islet cellsglucose is converted to glycogen in the liver, glucose is
to glycogen in the muscle, and glucose + 3 FA are converted to triglycerides in the adipose tissue achieve
12. regulation of low blood glucose levels
the pancreas releases glucagon from alpha islet cells glycogen is converted to glucose in the liver, glycogen is
to glucose in the muscle, and triglycerides are converted to glucose + 3 FA in adipose tissue achieve normal
13. what does phosphorylation do to an enzyme or receptor?
can either reversibly turn an enzyme or receptor on or off
14. reversible phosphorylation results in a conformational change in the structure of enzymes and receptors,
activated or deactivated
Biochemistry 2024/25 Edition
Cell Signaling, Insulin
Compiled By Simon Mwangi
Edition: 2024/25
, Science | Biochemistry I of VII pages
1. what is the major metabolic fuel?
glucose
2. how are circulating levels of glucose tightly regulated>
opposing actions of insulin and glucagon
3. insulin
glucagon
lowers blood glucose levels
raises blood glucose levels
4. glycogenesis
converts smaller carbon molecules such as pyruvate into G6P to glucose to glycogen
5. where is glucose derived from?
material ingested in the diet
6. carbohydrates exist in nature as (3)
polysaccharides (starch, glycogen)disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)monosaccharides (galactose,
7. starch represents about % of carbohydrate intake for westerners (% sucrose, % lactose)
60%
20%, 10%
8. carbohydrates are broken down into in the gut
hexoses
9. hexoses cannot pass freely though the cell membrane, so they are absorbed via
glucose transporters like GLUT4
10. the mammalian brain depends upon glucose as it is the primary/major source of energy. the brain uses %
20%
when glucose levels drop, the brain still uses up all the glucose at the expense of other cells
11. regulation of high blood glucose levels
the pancreas secretes insulin from the beta islet cellsglucose is converted to glycogen in the liver, glucose is
to glycogen in the muscle, and glucose + 3 FA are converted to triglycerides in the adipose tissue achieve
12. regulation of low blood glucose levels
the pancreas releases glucagon from alpha islet cells glycogen is converted to glucose in the liver, glycogen is
to glucose in the muscle, and triglycerides are converted to glucose + 3 FA in adipose tissue achieve normal
13. what does phosphorylation do to an enzyme or receptor?
can either reversibly turn an enzyme or receptor on or off
14. reversible phosphorylation results in a conformational change in the structure of enzymes and receptors,
activated or deactivated
Biochemistry 2024/25 Edition
