Test Bank for Economic Development 13th Edition by Todaro & Smith, , All Chapters 1 to 15 complete Verified editon ISBN:9781292291154

,0
234567893
9636 9
6 34



6 54
9636 9
6 34


9
65
6
9636 9

56
4
37
6 34



634 655
67
6
6 34
37
!37576 34

"
#654$
23%84$
37
6 34

&
#68463

56
4
37
9636 9
6 34


'
!5(3463

37
)85*!5(3
5463


+
,8 3
4


-
. 598485
5365 463
37
)85
6 34

0/

3563 34
37
6 34

00
6 34
#69 03
37
4
)6
6
504$
144$
37


1694

0
23453463
57
65
37
6 34
1454

0
239
6
# 34$
(4$
3339
5$
37
1843(
)965


37
#69

0

365 3
3339$
234 34$
.7$
37
6394
634565
37

4654834

0"
3339
37
39
#69
65
6 34


, 0

235678963336 39783 79 9 599853 879 

7859
 9897878 

873 8989
  7!839
38398

78
8 989783
" 8!# 8898333  85
3578899

967383 37 9
883  73
79
7 9797853 9$938
%&'()*+,-.*/-%&'()*+-%&**(0*/1'-2&&3-45
633
8383
99 835633899
597
6.*31'-5338
85 899
59983739
7 89859 6387933 89
859 78"9:3 83853


35998839798 9789
 679
 9 5998533
8
2

39
 9 59985338385
8779 7899
97
59985336
83839

7
2 ;97 9
99  9 59985363
5933369
83868939583 359985 5833
979 7838
599888 8396 978387965


<5893!
=!
>993 789 89
 9 89
 9  83
688 389
2 7?@*1'AB.C.2)()D)@'E79583835633 8<589!
=
9<589!
>
595 88 6597F9978938  83373 367 G.((0C1'
()H@-'.D)'H.ID)&*-A(.//@JE-K0@'D)&*-.*/-J@.(-C@J-I.C)D.-)*I&L@M-.*/-&DN@J-J@'@.JIN-&*-N.CC)*@''O()H@
3 83
58983835633
9
83383997 99
859 6997

59733653 95785
7 93P689
3958789383
799
97 8
P66838393

85855998
8535Q667365;5858
633693338
337386398878
3
7
3 357 899
 Q83393733


595638983  9 8393857 83 9
8
 8
9;5839
 9 856 7983899
385 37 6588P68783888
3  737967978 599857987983
R3 87899 9 
596783
8
7 99
59858 7 9


<ID)&*-STU-CJ@'@*D'-.*-)*-/@CDN-@V.L)*.D)&*-&H-DN@-WX1'-?0'D.)*.2(@-Y@Z@(&CL@*D-G&.('-[?YG'MT
83856 39759738839
93337 788!
!:
835633899
39759839
<83
9<589!
\9
998387965 
796#]57885P638939
 9 599853
 89969
 78
597 837659736 339698 8 733939
3P63893
9
59673
48597853369
F83 ^  38373


, ) 012341362789 


!"#$!%&36'3(
*
+
,-*./01-*23*234-*-5*230/6*7/-1*8*9/4:;44/56*5<*-13*/..3643*4:8=3*5<*->864<5>.8-/56*/6*-13*75>=9*
?@ABACDEFGH?FIJK?FLJBMFNAMIOBPQM*ROS?AFTUVVF@AWBKXO?MYFUVVFD?JXMYFZFCOBWK?M[F\X?JSOIDFJRJOIJ]I?FAB*
^5;_;23`*:86*23*;439*-5*:56</>.*-1/4*a5/6-*/6*86*36-3>-8/6/60*78bc*,-*./01-*8=45*23*13=a<;=*-5*
1/01=/01-*-18-*>38=*0>544*75>=9*a>59;:-*a3>*:8a/-8*184*8=.54-*->/a=39*23-7336*defg*869*hgdi*
j/.a=b/60*0>57-1*a3>*b38>*5<*dcikl`*869*/4*mml*1/013>*-186*/-*784*8-*-13*-;>6*5<*-1/4*:36-;>b*
j/.a=b/60*866;8=*0>57-1*5<*dckfl*<>5.*hggg*-5*hgdi`c*_1/4*98-8*:86*23*<5;69*56*-13*n8/6-*o5;/4*
p393>8=*N?M?XR?QM*7324/-3*/6*-13*p393>8=*q343>r3*s:565./:*t8-82843*j5>*pqst`c*
*
t34a/-3*4;:1*89r86:34u*->3.3695;4*9/4a8>/-/34*:56-/6;3*-5*3v/4-c*,6*-3>.4*5<*384/=b*8::344/2=3*
4-8-/4-/:4*-13*wsx*q3438>:1*y?BKX?QM*TzAXIS*w5a;=8-/56*2b*{B@AC?[*a>5r/934*86*/6-3>8:-/r3*.8a*
4/61:557/
60u**;-a1a33*>4*1./
.3 8>939*=53<**/6?:@5A.3
BACO
u*8?6M9Q**1a/50a1;*/=68:-/55.3
6*c715*/8=3>3*>*330:>53-6-582./
*x1 =b:*8-1==3b**9a85-85*>au>*5=5r7*
/93/96*:/45*.3
<5>u**h./
gdd99u*=/3-**
?@HA?MF|HJKFGASJXAFJBSF}COKHF~AOBKFAWKFOBFKH?FK?KYFKHJKFCAX?FKHJBF€‚FAƒFKH?F|AXISQMF~A~WIJKOAB*
=/r3*56*„dk*5>*=344*8*98b*j5>*825;-*„kukgg*a3>*a3>456*a3>*b38>`c*n3r3>8=*3v:3==36-*2554*8--3.a-*-5*
0/r3*45.3*/938*5<*-13*>8603*5<*=/r/60*4-8698>94*<5;69*-1>5;015;-*-13*75>=9c*p5>*3v8.a=3u*_13*
†8-3>/8=*x5>=9*2b*w3-3>*†36‡3==c*_1/4*255*a>3436-4*a15-50>8a1/:*a>5</=34*5<*-ba/:8=*<8./=/34*
8>5;69*-13*75>=9*7/-1*8==*5<*-13/>*a544344/564*a=8:39*/6*<>56-*5<*-13/>*15.34c*ˆ4*563*0534*<>5.*563*
<8./=b*-5*-13*63v-*-13*/64->;:-5>*184*-13*5aa5>-;6/-b*-5*1/01=/01-*-13*/.a5>-86-*9/<<3>36:34*23-7336*
68-/564*869*>30/564*869*-5*-5;:1*56*3b*/44;34*5<*0>57-1*869*93r3=5a.36-c*
*
‰63*5<*-13*3b*4->360-14*5<*-1/4*:18a-3>*/4*-18-*/-*9534*65-*<5:;4*45=3=b*56*-13*18>9*6;.23>4*-18-*
MW~~AM?SIDFC?JMWX?FS?R?IA~C?BKEFGH?FSOM@WMMOABFAƒF}?BQMFyJ~J]OIOKO?MFJ~~XAJ@HFJBSFKH?FƒJXFI?MM*
-186*a3><3:-*>3=8-/5641/a*23-7336*/6:5.3*869*18aa/6344*8>3*73==*75>-1*4a369/60*8*<8/>*8.5;6-*5<*
:=844*-/.3*3va=5>/60c*Š=844*-/.3*415;=9*8=45*23*4a36-*9/4:;44/60*-13*mh*:>/-/:8=*‹;34-/564*=/4-39*56*
a8034*hdŒhm*5<*-13*-3v-*869*-136*84/60*4-;936-4*-5*/936-/<b*m*5>**‹;34-/564*-18-*-13b*8>3*
~JXKO@WIJXIDFOBK?X?MK?SFOBF?~IAXOBPEFŽMOBPF?J@HFMKWS?BKFKAFIOMKF|HJKFKH?DF@ABMOS?XFKAF]?FT@XOKO@JIID[*
:>/-/:8=*‹;34-/564*56*8*4133-*5<*a8a3>u*:5==3:-/60*-13/>*>34a56434u*869*-136*->b/60*-5*9/>3:-*-13*>34-*5<*
-13*-3>.*-5*899>344/60*-13*.54-*:5..56=b*.36-/5639*:>/-/:8=*‹;34-/564*<5>*-18-*:=844*7/==*23*13=a<;=*
/6*<;>-13>*9>87/60*4-;936-4*/6*869*15=9/60*-13/>*8--36-/56*-1>5;015;-*-13*-3>.c*
*
ˆ-*-1/4*48.3*a5/6-u*-13*/64->;:-5>*./01-*8=45*7/41*-5*03-*45.3*/938*5<*MKWS?BKMQ*3va3>/36:34*
->8r3=/60*-5*93r3=5a/60*:5;6->/34*869u*/6*84*4;2-=3*8*78b*84*/4*a544/2=3u*93-3>./63*157*418b*-13/>*
;693>4-869/60*5<*-13*7/93>*75>=9*/4c*_13*/64->;:-5>*a3>18a4*:5;=9*9>87*56*1/4*5>*13>*576*
3va3>/36:34*869*0/r3*45.3*28:0>5;69*84*-5*157*13*5>*413*</>4-*23:8.3*/6-3>34-39*/6*t3r3=5a.36-*
s:565./:4c*_1/4*.8b*Œ*-1>5;01*-13*/694*5<*‹;34-/564*8439*Œ*13=a*-13*/64->;:-5>*<;>-13>*08;03*
MKWS?BKMQFI?R?IFAƒFMA~HOMKO@JKOABFOBFKHOMFJX?JEFGHOMFOMFBAKFMAC?KHOBPFKHJKFMHAWISF]?FAXYF@JBYF]?FM?KKI?S*
/6*-13*</>4-*563*5>*-75*:=84434*869*7/==*93r3=5a*5r3>*-13*:5;>43*5<*-13*-3>.c*
*
,6*.86b*;6/r3>4/-/34u*-13*3:565./:*93r3=5a.36-*:5;>43*7/==*23*</==39*7/-1*4-;936-4*715*8>3*65-*
.85>/60*/6*3:565./:4c*_1343*4-;936-4*.8b*:5.3*<>5.*9/<<3>36-*:5==3034*7/-1*.85>4*4;:1*84*
86-1>5a5=50bu*45:/5=50bu*5>*a5=/-/:8=*4:/36:3*5>*2;4/6344*j.86803.36-u*</686:3u*3-:c̀c*_13b*.8b*
18r3*189*84*=/--=3*84*563*43.34-3>*5<*/6->59;:-5>b*3:565./:4c*‘/r36*-18-*b5;*8>3*-38:1/60*86*
3:565./:4*:=844u*b5;*.8b*7/41*-5*>3./69*-13*4-;936-4*5<*-1/4*<8:-*869*5<<3>*718-3r3>*13=a*b5;*:86c*
‘/r36*r/935*:8a-;>3*45<-78>3u*b5;*./01-*:564/93>*>3:5>9/60*45.3*a>/.3>4*-18-*-136*:5;=9*23*.893*
8r8/=82=3*-5*4-;936-4*-1>5;01*:5;>43*.86803.36-*45<-78>3*4;:1*84*’=8:258>9*5>*†559=3c*^5;*