NURS 2063 PATHOPYSIOLOGY EXAM 2024|ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPREHENSIVE ANSWERS|EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS|LATEST UPDATE
Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWER - released by ACTH
reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to
reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response - CORRECT ANSWER -
Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased
respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response - CORRECT ANSWER -
Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration,
GI/GU systems resume action.
role of nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER - control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are
stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can have 1 or more (liver cells), or none
(RBCs).
role of mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER - Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP,
and has its own set of DNA.
Role of ribosome - CORRECT ANSWER - produces RNA to produce proteins through
transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein. Can be floating or attached to the
Rough ER.
Role of lysosomes - CORRECT ANSWER - helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles,
or tissues.
Role of rough ER - CORRECT ANSWER - folded membranes that move proteins around the
cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membranes.
,role of smooth ER - CORRECT ANSWER - ribosomes not attached to smooth ER, helps in the
Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage.
Role of peroxisome - CORRECT ANSWER - membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase
to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes.
Role of Golgi body - CORRECT ANSWER - stacked membranes that act as the sorter and
packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in and out of cell.
Where is extracellular fluid found? - CORRECT ANSWER - outside the cell
Where is ECF located in the body? - CORRECT ANSWER - found in the plasma, lymph, CSF,
eye humors, synovial fluid, and the GI secretions.
Where is intracellular fluid located? - CORRECT ANSWER - inside the cell
Where is intracellular fluid found in the body? - CORRECT ANSWER - found inside of cells,
cytosol.
Which electrolytes are found at high concentrations in the ECF? - CORRECT ANSWER -
sodium, chloride and sodium bicarb.
Which electrolytes are found at high concentrations in the ICF - CORRECT ANSWER -
potassium, magnesium and hydrogen phosphate, and low concentration of sodium and chloride.
What is passive transport? - CORRECT ANSWER - substances move from a high to low
concentration, without energy. Natural
What is active transport? - CORRECT ANSWER - substances move against their concentration
gradient with the help of ATP. Low to High.
,What is diffusion? - CORRECT ANSWER - molecules and ions distributing evenly in the
environment. Passive transport used. Goes from high to low concentration and higher the
concentration, the faster the spread.
What is osmosis? - CORRECT ANSWER - allows for fluids to distribute in between the
interstitial spaces and intracellular compartments. Water goes low to high.
High: high solute concentration to low water concentration
Low: low solute concentration to high water concentration
Examples of ways fluid enters the body (Intake) - CORRECT ANSWER - Food, Drink, IV
access.
Examples of ways fluid exits the body (output) - CORRECT ANSWER - Sweat, Urine, stool,
water vapor from lungs, wound drainages, NG secretions.
What is dehydration? - CORRECT ANSWER - when water output exceeds intake over time.
Water from ECF is lost, causing cells to shrink as concentration increases.
What are the causes of dehydration? - CORRECT ANSWER - hemorrhage, severe burns,
vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, water deprivation, diuretic abuse, DM.
What are the signs and symptoms one may have dehydration? - CORRECT ANSWER - dry
mouth, extreme thirst, dry skin, decreased urine output, weight loss, mental confusion,
hypovolemic shock.
What is hypotonic hydration? - CORRECT ANSWER - Over hydration or water intoxication.
When too much water is taken in too fast or the kidneys cannot rid the fluid fast enough (renal
failure). Concentration of water in ECF increases, while osmolarity decreases, causing cells to
swell.
What things can cause hypertonic hydration? - CORRECT ANSWER - Too much fluids through
IV, renal failure, drinking too much water too fast. ` (Hyponatremia).
, What are the signs and symptoms of hypotonic hydration? - CORRECT ANSWER - leads to
Nausea and Vomiting, muscles cramping, cerebral edema (brain cells can swell and burst) ,
convulsions, coma and death.
What is edema? - CORRECT ANSWER - accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to
tissue swelling.
What are the causes of edema? - CORRECT ANSWER - Increase in the forces that move fluid
from capillaries to interstitial compartments or decrease in the opposite.
What are some of the factors that encourage edema? - CORRECT ANSWER - Increase in
hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the blood volume, increased capillary
permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver to hold onto
more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage.
Lab values for Sodium - CORRECT ANSWER - 135-145 mEq/L
Lab values for Potassium - CORRECT ANSWER - 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Lab values for Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER - 8.5-10.2 mEq/L
Lab Values for Magnesium - CORRECT ANSWER - 1.8-2.5 mEq/L
Lab Values for Phosphate - CORRECT ANSWER - 2.5-4.5 mEq/L
What is hypernatremia? - CORRECT ANSWER - high sodium Na > 145
What things can cause hypernatremia? - CORRECT ANSWER - dehydration, loss of water form
ECF
QUESTIONS WITH COMPREHENSIVE ANSWERS|EXPERT
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS|LATEST UPDATE
Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWER - released by ACTH
reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to
reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune system.
Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response - CORRECT ANSWER -
Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased
respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU.
Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response - CORRECT ANSWER -
Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration,
GI/GU systems resume action.
role of nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER - control center of the cell, where DNA and genes are
stored, produces mRNA to help build body proteins. Can have 1 or more (liver cells), or none
(RBCs).
role of mitochondria - CORRECT ANSWER - Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy in ATP,
and has its own set of DNA.
Role of ribosome - CORRECT ANSWER - produces RNA to produce proteins through
transcriptions of DNA and translation of RNA into a protein. Can be floating or attached to the
Rough ER.
Role of lysosomes - CORRECT ANSWER - helps breakdown and digest dead cells, organelles,
or tissues.
Role of rough ER - CORRECT ANSWER - folded membranes that move proteins around the
cell. Has ribosomes attached to it and helps produce proteins for the cell membranes.
,role of smooth ER - CORRECT ANSWER - ribosomes not attached to smooth ER, helps in the
Liver and kidney cells to detoxify, lipid metabolism, synthesis of hormones, and calcium storage.
Role of peroxisome - CORRECT ANSWER - membrane cells that contain oxidase and catalase
to detoxify harmful chemicals, breakdown hydrogen peroxide and filter metabolic wastes.
Role of Golgi body - CORRECT ANSWER - stacked membranes that act as the sorter and
packager for proteins from the ER. Helps move things in and out of cell.
Where is extracellular fluid found? - CORRECT ANSWER - outside the cell
Where is ECF located in the body? - CORRECT ANSWER - found in the plasma, lymph, CSF,
eye humors, synovial fluid, and the GI secretions.
Where is intracellular fluid located? - CORRECT ANSWER - inside the cell
Where is intracellular fluid found in the body? - CORRECT ANSWER - found inside of cells,
cytosol.
Which electrolytes are found at high concentrations in the ECF? - CORRECT ANSWER -
sodium, chloride and sodium bicarb.
Which electrolytes are found at high concentrations in the ICF - CORRECT ANSWER -
potassium, magnesium and hydrogen phosphate, and low concentration of sodium and chloride.
What is passive transport? - CORRECT ANSWER - substances move from a high to low
concentration, without energy. Natural
What is active transport? - CORRECT ANSWER - substances move against their concentration
gradient with the help of ATP. Low to High.
,What is diffusion? - CORRECT ANSWER - molecules and ions distributing evenly in the
environment. Passive transport used. Goes from high to low concentration and higher the
concentration, the faster the spread.
What is osmosis? - CORRECT ANSWER - allows for fluids to distribute in between the
interstitial spaces and intracellular compartments. Water goes low to high.
High: high solute concentration to low water concentration
Low: low solute concentration to high water concentration
Examples of ways fluid enters the body (Intake) - CORRECT ANSWER - Food, Drink, IV
access.
Examples of ways fluid exits the body (output) - CORRECT ANSWER - Sweat, Urine, stool,
water vapor from lungs, wound drainages, NG secretions.
What is dehydration? - CORRECT ANSWER - when water output exceeds intake over time.
Water from ECF is lost, causing cells to shrink as concentration increases.
What are the causes of dehydration? - CORRECT ANSWER - hemorrhage, severe burns,
vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, water deprivation, diuretic abuse, DM.
What are the signs and symptoms one may have dehydration? - CORRECT ANSWER - dry
mouth, extreme thirst, dry skin, decreased urine output, weight loss, mental confusion,
hypovolemic shock.
What is hypotonic hydration? - CORRECT ANSWER - Over hydration or water intoxication.
When too much water is taken in too fast or the kidneys cannot rid the fluid fast enough (renal
failure). Concentration of water in ECF increases, while osmolarity decreases, causing cells to
swell.
What things can cause hypertonic hydration? - CORRECT ANSWER - Too much fluids through
IV, renal failure, drinking too much water too fast. ` (Hyponatremia).
, What are the signs and symptoms of hypotonic hydration? - CORRECT ANSWER - leads to
Nausea and Vomiting, muscles cramping, cerebral edema (brain cells can swell and burst) ,
convulsions, coma and death.
What is edema? - CORRECT ANSWER - accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space. Leads to
tissue swelling.
What are the causes of edema? - CORRECT ANSWER - Increase in the forces that move fluid
from capillaries to interstitial compartments or decrease in the opposite.
What are some of the factors that encourage edema? - CORRECT ANSWER - Increase in
hydrostatic forces in the capillaries that increases the blood volume, increased capillary
permeability, CHF, HYPTN, decrease in plasma proteins like albumin (causes liver to hold onto
more water- ascites, cirrhosis), blockage of lymph drainage.
Lab values for Sodium - CORRECT ANSWER - 135-145 mEq/L
Lab values for Potassium - CORRECT ANSWER - 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Lab values for Calcium - CORRECT ANSWER - 8.5-10.2 mEq/L
Lab Values for Magnesium - CORRECT ANSWER - 1.8-2.5 mEq/L
Lab Values for Phosphate - CORRECT ANSWER - 2.5-4.5 mEq/L
What is hypernatremia? - CORRECT ANSWER - high sodium Na > 145
What things can cause hypernatremia? - CORRECT ANSWER - dehydration, loss of water form
ECF
