LIN1502 MCQ MEMO - OCT./NOV. 2024 - SEMESTER 2 - UNISA - DUE DATE :- 22 OCTOBER 2024 - (DETAILED ANSWERS WITH FOOTNOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY - DISTINCTION GUARANTEED!)

LIN1502 MCQ MEMO - OCT./NOV. 2024 - SEMESTER 2 - UNISA - DUE DATE :- 22 OCTOBER 2024 - (DETAILED ANSWERS WITH FOOTNOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY - DISTINCTION GUARANTEED!) SECTION A: Multiple-choice questions Answer all the questions in Section A by placing a cross next to the correct option OR type/write the question number (1–40), followed by the correct number of the answer (1–4). For example: 42 – 2 43 – 1 1. Which theory suggests that the human ability to learn language is inborn? [1] the innateness hypothesis [2] the critical period hypothesis [3] the nature-nurture debate [4] the big bang theory. 2. Which of the following is a basic observation about language acquisition? [1] All children acquire the language to which they are exposed. [2] Children acquire language fairly effortlessly and in a short period of time. [3] Children who have been isolated from human contact do not acquire language. [4] All of the above. 3. The disturbing case of Genie provided linguists with a unique opportunity to observe: [1] early exposure to language [2] the unimportance of environmental factors [3] late language acquisition [4] language acquisition without being taught explicitly. 4. A characteristic of telegraphic speech is: [1] speaking over the telephone [2] omission of function words [3] one-word sentences [4] two-word sentences. 4 5. Which of the following statements is false? [1] French and Mandarin are considered foreign languages in South Africa. [2] Knowledge of one’s first language is unlikely to influence the way L2 is learnt. [3] A heritage language is used at home or in religious settings. [4] Instructed L2 learning involves formal study in a class. 6. The language variety associated with a particular person is called a(n) [1] idiolect [2] dialect [3] sociolect [4] ethnolect. 7. What is the duty of linguists? [1] Telling people how they should speak. [2] Taking a prescriptive approach to the study of language. [3] Taking a descriptive approach to the study of language. [4] Assigning value to different language varieties. 8. Which of the following is required to teach English in Asia? [1] English as a Second Language [2] TESL [3] English as a Foreign Language [4] TEFL 9. Which of the following features is true of slang? [1] It is associated with small, close-knit subcultures. [2] It occurs in spoken language, and in informal situations. [3] It is used to promote group identity. [4] All of the above. 5 10. Which of the following does not apply to subtractive bilingualism? [1] The L2 is learnt at the expense of the L1. [2] Learning vocabulary related to maths. [3] Only the L2 is valued and supported. [4] A bilingual person eventually becomes monolingual in the L2. Read the following conversation and then answer questions 11–16. Some of the questions relate directly to the data while others relate to the topic in a more general way: Anton: Last week, I attended the Lekgotla, but I’m happy to be back. Bea: Issit? Was the food not good? Anton: It was fine – ons het elke aand braaivleis en pap met sheba gehad. 11. Anton’s use of Afrikaans in line 3 is an example of: [1] euphemism [2] codeswitching [3] borrowing [4] divergence. 12. The use of the word Lekgotla is an example of: [1] accent [2] sociolect [3] borrowing [4] ethnolect. 13. Which of the following statements is true? [1] Codeswitching requires bilingual speakers. [2] Codeswitching occurs in informal settings. [3] Talking about a particular topic may cause a person to switch codes. [4] All of the above. 6 14. Which of the following is true of borrowing? [1] It is a way in which a language adapts to new circumstances. [2] It ensures long-term survival of a language. [3] Monolingual speakers may use borrowed terms. [4] All of the above. 15. Which variety of English are they speaking? [1] Jargon [2] Standard English [3] Ethnolect [4] South African English 16. Your LIN1502 Study guide is written in: [1] South African English [2] Standard English [3] Scottish English [4] American English. 17. Which of the following is a divergent strategy? [1] Answering in the language in which you were addressed. [2] Using in-group slang when addressing a friend in an informal situation. [3] Codeswitching when addressing a monolingual person. [4] Speaking slowly and clearly to a beginner L2 learner. 18. Government policy relating to the use of the various languages in a country is known as: [1] Language planning [2] Language shift [3] Governmental linguistics [4] None of the above. 7 19. What does the term diglossia involve? [1] A situation in which two varieties of the same language exist side by side within a community. [2] It consists of a Low variety (the mother tongue) and a High variety (the standard language). [3] Both [1] and [2] are correct. 20. Which of the following describes an official language? [1] a standard language selected as the language used by the government [2] the medium of instruction in the schools [3] the language of the mass media, trade, and industry [4] All of the above. 21. Which of the following educational programmes does not promote additive bilingualism? [1] immersion programmes [2] submersion programmes [3] dual-language programmes [4] transitional programmes. 22. What does the term linguistic landscape imply? [1] The visible signs that tell us about the public and private language preferences within multilingual societies [2] Road signs, street names, advertising billboards and shop signs [3] Both [1] and [2] are correct. 8 Consider the following scenario, then answer questions 23–28. Some of the questions relate directly to the data while others relate to the topic in a more general way: Immigrant communities in South Africa often shift to speaking English over a few generations. Cosmo’s grandparents were L1 Greek speakers and acquired English as their L2 after moving to SA. Cosmo’s mother was raised speaking Greek, but also acquired English in school. When she was a teenager, Greek immigrants mostly spoke English, reserving Greek for use within the home or with family. Cosmo was raised speaking English, and although he understands Greek, he does not speak it. 23. Cosmo’s mother retained her use of Greek at home but spoke English at school. This language shift may be described as: [1] immigration shift [2] partial shift [3] strategic shift [4] total shift. 24. By the time Cosmo has children of his own, the community may have completely stopped speaking Greek and only speak English. This language shift may be described as: [1] standardisation [2] partial shift [3] total shift [4] language death 25. Language shift occurs because: [1] The language ceases to fulfil the social needs of its speakers. [2] The language users are making a fresh start and do not want to be reminded of the past. [3] Speakers of a minority language want to become L1 speakers of the dominant language. [4] Monolinguals become bilingual. 9 26. If Cosmo’s community stops speaking Greek altogether, would this be considered language death? [1] No because Cosmo will always be Greek. [2] Yes because he will not have the opportunity to speak Greek. [3] No because Greek will still be spoken elsewhere in the world. [4] Yes because all the original Greek immigrants have passed away. 27. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a dying language? [1] Its lexicon shrinks. [2] It borrows extensively from the dominant language. [3] It is used in fewer domains than before. [4] It becomes grammatically more complex. 28. A rememberer is someone who: [1] remembers knowing people who spoke the language fluently [2] once spoke the language fluently, but lost much of his/her earlier ability due to a lack of practise [3] no longer understands the language [4] learnt the language at school. 29. What is a semi-speaker? [1] someone with a speech impediment [2] someone who speaks the language imperfectly [3] someone who is learning a new language [4] someone who was once fluent but now remembers little of the language. 30. Communicative competence refers to: [1] how well we can speak in public [2] suitable subjects for conversation [3] our knowledge of socially appropriate speech behaviour [4] how talkative we are. 10 31. Topics which are generally avoided in conversation are known as: [1] taboos [2] euphemisms [3] customs [4] imperatives. 32. Euphemisms can be described as: [1] socially appropriate speech behaviour [2] when people of different cultures interact [3] avoiding words that contain the syllables found in your husband’s family’s names [4] words or phrases used to talk about unpleasant or embarrassing subjects in an indirect but more polite way. 33. Which of the following is not typically influenced by gender? [1] the pitch or deepness of the voice [2] sentence length [3] word choice [4] conversational style. 34. Which of the following is not typical of women’s language? [1] Using a more standard form of the language. [2] Using more euphemisms. [3] Using more direct commands. [4] Making proposals in the form of a question. 35. Which of the following statements is false? [1] Conversational rules and patterns are universal. [2] Misunderstandings can result when speakers from different cultures interact. [3] Different languages reflect different cultural worldviews. [4] Differences in speech styles may cause misunderstandings between men and women. 11 Read the following extract, then answer questions 36–40. Some of the questions relate directly to the data while others relate to the topic in a more general way: Speaking at the signing ceremony of the South African Sign Language Bill into law, President Cyril Ramaphosa stressed the importance of the official recognition of this language. He said: “Having sign language recognised as an official language will address access to education, economic and other social opportunities as well as public participation. People with hearing impairments will be able to also access more services, public information and a host other opportunities.” Viewed on 7 October from 36. In 2023, Sign Language was recognised as one of South Africa’s ________ languages. [1] minority [2] official [3] ethnic [4] foreign 37. Which of the following statements is false? [1] Sign languages are visual-gestural languages which develop naturally in Deaf communities. [2] Natural sign languages are used when Deaf people communicate with each other. [3] There is only one sign language used by Deaf people all over the world. [4] Pidgin sign languages are used for communication between Deaf and hearing people. 38. A Deaf baby who learns sign language from her Deaf parents learns it: [1] spontaneously [2] through guided learning [3] after the critical period [4] as a second language. 12 39. Why are Deaf children from hearing parents at a disadvantage? [1] They do not acquire sign language as the L1 as they lack a signing environment at home. [2] They only learn sign language from their peers in schools for the Deaf. [3] They may have problems associated with delayed language acquisition. [4] All of the above. 40. The total communication method used in schools for Deaf children: [1] uses spoken language and natural sign language simultaneously [2] discourages children from using sign language [3] discourages children from lipreading [4] uses spoken language and a manual sign code simultaneously. Subtotal for SECTION A [40] 13 SECTION B: WRITTEN QUESTIONS Answer ALL the questions on your exam document OR type/write your answer neatly. Question 1 Explain the following terms and provide an example of each: (a) Match (b) Mismatch (c) Overextension (d) Underextension (e) Baby-talk words [10] Question 2 Consider the scenario below, then answer the questions that follow. Aisha and Myra live in South Africa are both studying French at Unisa. Aisha is 35 and Myra is 22. Aisha is going to work for a marketing firm in Paris and needs to know basic French for her new job. Myra is learning French because she is interested in French culture. (a) Are they learning French for integrative or instrumental purposes? Please specify for what purpose each girl is learning French and give a reason for your answer. Aisha ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 14 Myra ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4) (b) As adult learners of French as an L2, what are the difficulties Aisha and Myra might face compared to a child who is learning the language? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (3) (c) Could their knowledge of English influence the way they speak French? Answer yes or no and motivate your answer. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (3) [10] 15 Question 3 The data below is of a conversation between a mother and her son, Zac. Read it carefully and then answer the questions that follow: Mother talking to Zac Mother: Are you thirsty? Zac: Yes. Mother: What would you like? Zac: Juice. Mother: Okay, here is your juice. Zac: Ta. Mother: Do you want a cookie too? Zac: No. Mother: Do you want more juice? Zac: Juice. (a) What stage of language acquisition is Zac likely to be in and how old do you estimate he is? Explain your answer. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (5) (b) Is Zac’s mother using typical caretaker speech? Justify your answer with reference to the characteristics of caretaker speech and examples from the data. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (5) [10] 16 Question 4 Read the extract below and then answer the following questions. Government to introduce mother-tongue based bilingual education from Grade 4 next year This was announced by the Department of Basic Education Minister, Angie Motshekga while addressing education stakeholders on the development of the mother tongue-based bilingual education (MTbBE) programme In Bloemfontein on 21 May 2024. University of Cape Town (UCT) school of education senior lecturer, Dr Xolisa Guzula said it is high time that MTbBE is implemented. “It means teaching learners using two languages from Grade 4 onwards, after three years of being taught in their home language. In essence, it is about keeping the mother tongue as a medium of instruction while adding English as a second medium of instruction,” Guzula said. Viewed and adapted on 7 October 2024 from 4(a) Why would mother tongue-based bilingual education (MTbBE) be a better option than either mother tongue education or bilingual education? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) 4(b) Please provide four advantages and four disadvantages of mother tongue- education as stated in your Study guide. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________