Chapter 01: Terminology, Positioning, and Imaging Principles
Lampignano: Bontrager’s Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy,
10th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What type of tissue binds together and supports the various
structures of the body?
a. Epithelial
b. Connective
c. Muscular
d. Nervous
ANS: B
2. The lowest level of structural organization in the human body
is the level.
a. molecular
b. Cellular
c. Chemical
d. Atomic
ANS: C
3. What type of tissue covers internal and external surfaces of the body?
a. Muscular
b. Connective
c. Nervous
d. Epithelial
ANS: D
**:Considerationofethicalissues,societalimplications,andapplicationsofbiologicalknowledgeinareassuchasmedicine,biotechnology,conservation,andenvironmentalsustaina
bility.**HistoricalPerspectives**:Overviewofsignificantmilestonesandcontributionsinthedevelopmentofbiologyasascientificdiscipline,includingkeyfigures,discoveries,and
advancementsinbiologicaltheories.**ToolsandTechniques**:Introductiontolaboratorytechniques,instruments,andmethodologiesusedinbiologicalresearch,suchasmicroscop
y,DNAsequencing,biochemicalanalysis,andcomputationalbiology.**CurrentChallengesandFrontiers**:Discussiononcontemporarychallengesfacingbiology,suchasemergi
nginfectiousdiseases,climatechangeimpacts,biodiversityloss,andtheapplicationofbiotechnologicalinnovations.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapterconcludeswithas
ummaryofkeyconceptsdiscussed,reinforcingthefoundationalprinciplesofbiologyandpreparingstudentsforfurtherexplorationinsubsequentchapters.Chapter1of"EssentialsofB
iology"aimstoprovidestudentswithacomprehensiveintroductiontothescientificstudyoflife,emphasizingitsbreadth,significance,andrelevanceinunderstandingthenaturalworld
andaddressingglobalchallenges.Itsetsthestagefordeeperexplorationintobiologicalconceptsandprinciplescoveredthroughoutthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthe
setopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter1,feelfreetoask!Chapter2Chapter2of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheChemicalBas
isofLife,"typicallydelvesintothefoundationalprinciplesofchemistryastheyrelatetobiologicalsystems.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoBiochemistry**:Definitionofbi
ochemistryasthebranchofchemistryconcernedwiththechemicalprocessesandsubstancesthatoccurwithinlivingorganisms.**ElementsandAtoms**:Explanationofbasicchemicalelementsessentialtolife,thei
ratomicstructure(protons,neutrons,electrons),andhowatomscombinetoformmolecules.**ChemicalBonds**:Discussionondifferenttypesofchemicalbonds(covalent,ionic,hydrogenbonds)andtheirroleinh
oldingatomstogetherinmoleculesandcompounds.**PropertiesofWater**:Explorationofwaterasapolarmolecule,itsuniqueproperties(highcohesion,adhesion,surfacetension,highspecificheatcapacity),and
itsimportanceinbiologicalsystems.**Acids,Bases,andpH**:Definitionofacidsandbases,theirroleinchemicalreactions,andtheconceptofpHasameasureofhydrogenionconcentration.ImportanceofpHregula
tioninbiologicalprocesses.**OrganicMolecules**:Introductiontoorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,includingcarbohydrates,lipids,proteins,andnucleicacids.Structure,function,andbiologicalsignificanceo
feachgroupofmolecules
4. How many individual body systems comprise the human body?
a. 22
b. 13
c. 10
d. 8
ANS: C
5. How many separate bones are found in the adult human body?
, a. 181
b. 215
c. 206
d. 236
ANS: C
**:Considerationofethicalissues,societalimplications,andapplicationsofbiologicalknowledgeinareassuchasmedicine,biotechnology,conservation,andenvironmentalsustaina
bility.**HistoricalPerspectives**:Overviewofsignificantmilestonesandcontributionsinthedevelopmentofbiologyasascientificdiscipline,includingkeyfigures,discoveries,and
advancementsinbiologicaltheories.**ToolsandTechniques**:Introductiontolaboratorytechniques,instruments,andmethodologiesusedinbiologicalresearch,suchasmicroscop
y,DNAsequencing,biochemicalanalysis,andcomputationalbiology.**CurrentChallengesandFrontiers**:Discussiononcontemporarychallengesfacingbiology,suchasemergi
nginfectiousdiseases,climatechangeimpacts,biodiversityloss,andtheapplicationofbiotechnologicalinnovations.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapterconcludeswithas
ummaryofkeyconceptsdiscussed,reinforcingthefoundationalprinciplesofbiologyandpreparingstudentsforfurtherexplorationinsubsequentchapters.Chapter1of"EssentialsofB
iology"aimstoprovidestudentswithacomprehensiveintroductiontothescientificstudyoflife,emphasizingitsbreadth,significance,andrelevanceinunderstandingthenaturalworld
andaddressingglobalchallenges.Itsetsthestagefordeeperexplorationintobiologicalconceptsandprinciplescoveredthroughoutthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthe
setopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter1,feelfreetoask!Chapter2Chapter2of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheChemicalBas
isofLife,"typicallydelvesintothefoundationalprinciplesofchemistryastheyrelatetobiologicalsystems.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoBiochemistry**:Definitionofbi
ochemistryasthebranchofchemistryconcernedwiththechemicalprocessesandsubstancesthatoccurwithinlivingorganisms.**ElementsandAtoms**:Explanationofbasicchemicalelementsessentialtolife,thei
ratomicstructure(protons,neutrons,electrons),andhowatomscombinetoformmolecules.**ChemicalBonds**:Discussionondifferenttypesofchemicalbonds(covalent,ionic,hydrogenbonds)andtheirroleinh
oldingatomstogetherinmoleculesandcompounds.**PropertiesofWater**:Explorationofwaterasapolarmolecule,itsuniqueproperties(highcohesion,adhesion,surfacetension,highspecificheatcapacity),and
itsimportanceinbiologicalsystems.**Acids,Bases,andpH**:Definitionofacidsandbases,theirroleinchemicalreactions,andtheconceptofpHasameasureofhydrogenionconcentration.ImportanceofpHregula
tioninbiologicalprocesses.**OrganicMolecules**:Introductiontoorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,includingcarbohydrates,lipids,proteins,andnucleicacids.Structure,function,andbiologicalsignificanceo
feachgroupofmolecules
6. Which system of the human body is responsible for the elimination of solid waste?
a. Circulatory
b. Respiratory
c. Urinary
d. Digestive
ANS: D
7. Which of the following systems of the human body includes all ductless glands of the body?
a. Endocrine
b. Integumentary
c. Muscular
d. Glandular
ANS: A
8. Which of the following body systems helps to regulate body temperature?
a. Circulatory
b. Urinary
c. Endocrine
d. Nervous
ANS: A
9. Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
a. Radius
b. Hip bone
c. Clavicle
d. Sternum
ANS: D
10. How many bones are there in the adult axial skeleton?
a. 206
b. 80
c. 54
d. 126
, ANS: B
11. What is the name of the small oval-shaped bone found in tendons?
a. Wormian
b. Tendinous
c. Irregular
d. Sesamoid
ANS: D
12. Which of the following bones is classified as a long bone?
a. Carpal bone
b. Scapula
c. Cranium
d. Humerus
ANS: D
**:Considerationofethicalissues,societalimplications,andapplicationsofbiologicalknowledgeinareassuchasmedicine,biotechnology,conservation,andenvironmentalsustaina
bility.**HistoricalPerspectives**:Overviewofsignificantmilestonesandcontributionsinthedevelopmentofbiologyasascientificdiscipline,includingkeyfigures,discoveries,and
advancementsinbiologicaltheories.**ToolsandTechniques**:Introductiontolaboratorytechniques,instruments,andmethodologiesusedinbiologicalresearch,suchasmicroscop
y,DNAsequencing,biochemicalanalysis,andcomputationalbiology.**CurrentChallengesandFrontiers**:Discussiononcontemporarychallengesfacingbiology,suchasemergi
nginfectiousdiseases,climatechangeimpacts,biodiversityloss,andtheapplicationofbiotechnologicalinnovations.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapterconcludeswithas
ummaryofkeyconceptsdiscussed,reinforcingthefoundationalprinciplesofbiologyandpreparingstudentsforfurtherexplorationinsubsequentchapters.Chapter1of"EssentialsofB
iology"aimstoprovidestudentswithacomprehensiveintroductiontothescientificstudyoflife,emphasizingitsbreadth,significance,andrelevanceinunderstandingthenaturalworld
andaddressingglobalchallenges.Itsetsthestagefordeeperexplorationintobiologicalconceptsandprinciplescoveredthroughoutthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthe
setopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter1,feelfreetoask!Chapter2Chapter2of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheChemicalBas
isofLife,"typicallydelvesintothefoundationalprinciplesofchemistryastheyrelatetobiologicalsystems.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoBiochemistry**:Definitionofbi
ochemistryasthebranchofchemistryconcernedwiththechemicalprocessesandsubstancesthatoccurwithinlivingorganisms.**ElementsandAtoms**:Explanationofbasicchemicalelementsessentialtolife,thei
ratomicstructure(protons,neutrons,electrons),andhowatomscombinetoformmolecules.**ChemicalBonds**:Discussionondifferenttypesofchemicalbonds(covalent,ionic,hydrogenbonds)andtheirroleinh
oldingatomstogetherinmoleculesandcompounds.**PropertiesofWater**:Explorationofwaterasapolarmolecule,itsuniqueproperties(highcohesion,adhesion,surfacetension,highspecificheatcapacity),and
itsimportanceinbiologicalsystems.**Acids,Bases,andpH**:Definitionofacidsandbases,theirroleinchemicalreactions,andtheconceptofpHasameasureofhydrogenionconcentration.ImportanceofpHregula
tioninbiologicalprocesses.**OrganicMolecules**:Introductiontoorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,includingcarbohydrates,lipids,proteins,andnucleicacids.Structure,function,andbiologicalsignificanceo
feachgroupofmolecules
13. What is the name of the dense fibrous membrane that covers bone?
a. Cancellous portion
b. Periosteum
c. Diploë
d. Medullary portion
ANS: B
14. Which of the following bones is classified as a short bone?
a. Vertebrae
b. Phalanges (toes)
c. Scapulae
d. Carpal (wrist bones)
ANS: D
15. Which of the following is a secondary growth center for endochondral ossification?
a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphyses
c. Metaphysis
d. Articular cartilage
ANS: B
16. Which aspect of the long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?
a. Compact bone
, b. Periosteum
c. Medullary cavity
d. Spongy or cancellous bone
ANS: D
17. Examples of ―flat‖ bones are the:
a. calvaria, ribs, scapulae, and sternum.
b. ribs, sternum, patella, and ilia of pelvis.
c. sternum, scapulae, ilia of pelvis, and base of cranium.
d. sternum and ilia of pelvis only.
ANS: A
18. What is the primary center for bone growth termed?
a. Epiphyses
b. Diaphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Epiphyseal plate
ANS: B
**:Considerationofethicalissues,societalimplications,andapplicationsofbiologicalknowledgeinareassuchasmedicine,biotechnology,conservation,andenvironmentalsustaina
bility.**HistoricalPerspectives**:Overviewofsignificantmilestonesandcontributionsinthedevelopmentofbiologyasascientificdiscipline,includingkeyfigures,discoveries,and
advancementsinbiologicaltheories.**ToolsandTechniques**:Introductiontolaboratorytechniques,instruments,andmethodologiesusedinbiologicalresearch,suchasmicroscop
y,DNAsequencing,biochemicalanalysis,andcomputationalbiology.**CurrentChallengesandFrontiers**:Discussiononcontemporarychallengesfacingbiology,suchasemergi
nginfectiousdiseases,climatechangeimpacts,biodiversityloss,andtheapplicationofbiotechnologicalinnovations.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapterconcludeswithas
ummaryofkeyconceptsdiscussed,reinforcingthefoundationalprinciplesofbiologyandpreparingstudentsforfurtherexplorationinsubsequentchapters.Chapter1of"EssentialsofB
iology"aimstoprovidestudentswithacomprehensiveintroductiontothescientificstudyoflife,emphasizingitsbreadth,significance,andrelevanceinunderstandingthenaturalworld
andaddressingglobalchallenges.Itsetsthestagefordeeperexplorationintobiologicalconceptsandprinciplescoveredthroughoutthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthe
setopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter1,feelfreetoask!Chapter2Chapter2of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheChemicalBas
isofLife,"typicallydelvesintothefoundationalprinciplesofchemistryastheyrelatetobiologicalsystems.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoBiochemistry**:Definitionofbi
ochemistryasthebranchofchemistryconcernedwiththechemicalprocessesandsubstancesthatoccurwithinlivingorganisms.**ElementsandAtoms**:Explanationofbasicchemicalelementsessentialtolife,thei
ratomicstructure(protons,neutrons,electrons),andhowatomscombinetoformmolecules.**ChemicalBonds**:Discussionondifferenttypesofchemicalbonds(covalent,ionic,hydrogenbonds)andtheirroleinh
oldingatomstogetherinmoleculesandcompounds.**PropertiesofWater**:Explorationofwaterasapolarmolecule,itsuniqueproperties(highcohesion,adhesion,surfacetension,highspecificheatcapacity),and
itsimportanceinbiologicalsystems.**Acids,Bases,andpH**:Definitionofacidsandbases,theirroleinchemicalreactions,andtheconceptofpHasameasureofhydrogenionconcentration.ImportanceofpHregula
tioninbiologicalprocesses.**OrganicMolecules**:Introductiontoorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,includingcarbohydrates,lipids,proteins,andnucleicacids.Structure,function,andbiologicalsignificanceo
feachgroupofmolecules
19. Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of joints?
a. Synarthrosis
b. Amphiarthrosis
c. Cartilaginous
d. Diarthrosis
ANS: C
20. The structural term for a freely movable joint is:
a. fibrous.
b. cartilaginous.
c. synovial.
d. gomphosis.
ANS: C
21. Which of the following joints displays flexion and extension type of movement primarily?
a. Pivot
b. Ellipsoidal
c. Saddle
d. Ginglymus
ANS: D
Lampignano: Bontrager’s Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy,
10th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What type of tissue binds together and supports the various
structures of the body?
a. Epithelial
b. Connective
c. Muscular
d. Nervous
ANS: B
2. The lowest level of structural organization in the human body
is the level.
a. molecular
b. Cellular
c. Chemical
d. Atomic
ANS: C
3. What type of tissue covers internal and external surfaces of the body?
a. Muscular
b. Connective
c. Nervous
d. Epithelial
ANS: D
**:Considerationofethicalissues,societalimplications,andapplicationsofbiologicalknowledgeinareassuchasmedicine,biotechnology,conservation,andenvironmentalsustaina
bility.**HistoricalPerspectives**:Overviewofsignificantmilestonesandcontributionsinthedevelopmentofbiologyasascientificdiscipline,includingkeyfigures,discoveries,and
advancementsinbiologicaltheories.**ToolsandTechniques**:Introductiontolaboratorytechniques,instruments,andmethodologiesusedinbiologicalresearch,suchasmicroscop
y,DNAsequencing,biochemicalanalysis,andcomputationalbiology.**CurrentChallengesandFrontiers**:Discussiononcontemporarychallengesfacingbiology,suchasemergi
nginfectiousdiseases,climatechangeimpacts,biodiversityloss,andtheapplicationofbiotechnologicalinnovations.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapterconcludeswithas
ummaryofkeyconceptsdiscussed,reinforcingthefoundationalprinciplesofbiologyandpreparingstudentsforfurtherexplorationinsubsequentchapters.Chapter1of"EssentialsofB
iology"aimstoprovidestudentswithacomprehensiveintroductiontothescientificstudyoflife,emphasizingitsbreadth,significance,andrelevanceinunderstandingthenaturalworld
andaddressingglobalchallenges.Itsetsthestagefordeeperexplorationintobiologicalconceptsandprinciplescoveredthroughoutthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthe
setopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter1,feelfreetoask!Chapter2Chapter2of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheChemicalBas
isofLife,"typicallydelvesintothefoundationalprinciplesofchemistryastheyrelatetobiologicalsystems.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoBiochemistry**:Definitionofbi
ochemistryasthebranchofchemistryconcernedwiththechemicalprocessesandsubstancesthatoccurwithinlivingorganisms.**ElementsandAtoms**:Explanationofbasicchemicalelementsessentialtolife,thei
ratomicstructure(protons,neutrons,electrons),andhowatomscombinetoformmolecules.**ChemicalBonds**:Discussionondifferenttypesofchemicalbonds(covalent,ionic,hydrogenbonds)andtheirroleinh
oldingatomstogetherinmoleculesandcompounds.**PropertiesofWater**:Explorationofwaterasapolarmolecule,itsuniqueproperties(highcohesion,adhesion,surfacetension,highspecificheatcapacity),and
itsimportanceinbiologicalsystems.**Acids,Bases,andpH**:Definitionofacidsandbases,theirroleinchemicalreactions,andtheconceptofpHasameasureofhydrogenionconcentration.ImportanceofpHregula
tioninbiologicalprocesses.**OrganicMolecules**:Introductiontoorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,includingcarbohydrates,lipids,proteins,andnucleicacids.Structure,function,andbiologicalsignificanceo
feachgroupofmolecules
4. How many individual body systems comprise the human body?
a. 22
b. 13
c. 10
d. 8
ANS: C
5. How many separate bones are found in the adult human body?
, a. 181
b. 215
c. 206
d. 236
ANS: C
**:Considerationofethicalissues,societalimplications,andapplicationsofbiologicalknowledgeinareassuchasmedicine,biotechnology,conservation,andenvironmentalsustaina
bility.**HistoricalPerspectives**:Overviewofsignificantmilestonesandcontributionsinthedevelopmentofbiologyasascientificdiscipline,includingkeyfigures,discoveries,and
advancementsinbiologicaltheories.**ToolsandTechniques**:Introductiontolaboratorytechniques,instruments,andmethodologiesusedinbiologicalresearch,suchasmicroscop
y,DNAsequencing,biochemicalanalysis,andcomputationalbiology.**CurrentChallengesandFrontiers**:Discussiononcontemporarychallengesfacingbiology,suchasemergi
nginfectiousdiseases,climatechangeimpacts,biodiversityloss,andtheapplicationofbiotechnologicalinnovations.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapterconcludeswithas
ummaryofkeyconceptsdiscussed,reinforcingthefoundationalprinciplesofbiologyandpreparingstudentsforfurtherexplorationinsubsequentchapters.Chapter1of"EssentialsofB
iology"aimstoprovidestudentswithacomprehensiveintroductiontothescientificstudyoflife,emphasizingitsbreadth,significance,andrelevanceinunderstandingthenaturalworld
andaddressingglobalchallenges.Itsetsthestagefordeeperexplorationintobiologicalconceptsandprinciplescoveredthroughoutthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthe
setopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter1,feelfreetoask!Chapter2Chapter2of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheChemicalBas
isofLife,"typicallydelvesintothefoundationalprinciplesofchemistryastheyrelatetobiologicalsystems.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoBiochemistry**:Definitionofbi
ochemistryasthebranchofchemistryconcernedwiththechemicalprocessesandsubstancesthatoccurwithinlivingorganisms.**ElementsandAtoms**:Explanationofbasicchemicalelementsessentialtolife,thei
ratomicstructure(protons,neutrons,electrons),andhowatomscombinetoformmolecules.**ChemicalBonds**:Discussionondifferenttypesofchemicalbonds(covalent,ionic,hydrogenbonds)andtheirroleinh
oldingatomstogetherinmoleculesandcompounds.**PropertiesofWater**:Explorationofwaterasapolarmolecule,itsuniqueproperties(highcohesion,adhesion,surfacetension,highspecificheatcapacity),and
itsimportanceinbiologicalsystems.**Acids,Bases,andpH**:Definitionofacidsandbases,theirroleinchemicalreactions,andtheconceptofpHasameasureofhydrogenionconcentration.ImportanceofpHregula
tioninbiologicalprocesses.**OrganicMolecules**:Introductiontoorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,includingcarbohydrates,lipids,proteins,andnucleicacids.Structure,function,andbiologicalsignificanceo
feachgroupofmolecules
6. Which system of the human body is responsible for the elimination of solid waste?
a. Circulatory
b. Respiratory
c. Urinary
d. Digestive
ANS: D
7. Which of the following systems of the human body includes all ductless glands of the body?
a. Endocrine
b. Integumentary
c. Muscular
d. Glandular
ANS: A
8. Which of the following body systems helps to regulate body temperature?
a. Circulatory
b. Urinary
c. Endocrine
d. Nervous
ANS: A
9. Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
a. Radius
b. Hip bone
c. Clavicle
d. Sternum
ANS: D
10. How many bones are there in the adult axial skeleton?
a. 206
b. 80
c. 54
d. 126
, ANS: B
11. What is the name of the small oval-shaped bone found in tendons?
a. Wormian
b. Tendinous
c. Irregular
d. Sesamoid
ANS: D
12. Which of the following bones is classified as a long bone?
a. Carpal bone
b. Scapula
c. Cranium
d. Humerus
ANS: D
**:Considerationofethicalissues,societalimplications,andapplicationsofbiologicalknowledgeinareassuchasmedicine,biotechnology,conservation,andenvironmentalsustaina
bility.**HistoricalPerspectives**:Overviewofsignificantmilestonesandcontributionsinthedevelopmentofbiologyasascientificdiscipline,includingkeyfigures,discoveries,and
advancementsinbiologicaltheories.**ToolsandTechniques**:Introductiontolaboratorytechniques,instruments,andmethodologiesusedinbiologicalresearch,suchasmicroscop
y,DNAsequencing,biochemicalanalysis,andcomputationalbiology.**CurrentChallengesandFrontiers**:Discussiononcontemporarychallengesfacingbiology,suchasemergi
nginfectiousdiseases,climatechangeimpacts,biodiversityloss,andtheapplicationofbiotechnologicalinnovations.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapterconcludeswithas
ummaryofkeyconceptsdiscussed,reinforcingthefoundationalprinciplesofbiologyandpreparingstudentsforfurtherexplorationinsubsequentchapters.Chapter1of"EssentialsofB
iology"aimstoprovidestudentswithacomprehensiveintroductiontothescientificstudyoflife,emphasizingitsbreadth,significance,andrelevanceinunderstandingthenaturalworld
andaddressingglobalchallenges.Itsetsthestagefordeeperexplorationintobiologicalconceptsandprinciplescoveredthroughoutthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthe
setopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter1,feelfreetoask!Chapter2Chapter2of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheChemicalBas
isofLife,"typicallydelvesintothefoundationalprinciplesofchemistryastheyrelatetobiologicalsystems.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoBiochemistry**:Definitionofbi
ochemistryasthebranchofchemistryconcernedwiththechemicalprocessesandsubstancesthatoccurwithinlivingorganisms.**ElementsandAtoms**:Explanationofbasicchemicalelementsessentialtolife,thei
ratomicstructure(protons,neutrons,electrons),andhowatomscombinetoformmolecules.**ChemicalBonds**:Discussionondifferenttypesofchemicalbonds(covalent,ionic,hydrogenbonds)andtheirroleinh
oldingatomstogetherinmoleculesandcompounds.**PropertiesofWater**:Explorationofwaterasapolarmolecule,itsuniqueproperties(highcohesion,adhesion,surfacetension,highspecificheatcapacity),and
itsimportanceinbiologicalsystems.**Acids,Bases,andpH**:Definitionofacidsandbases,theirroleinchemicalreactions,andtheconceptofpHasameasureofhydrogenionconcentration.ImportanceofpHregula
tioninbiologicalprocesses.**OrganicMolecules**:Introductiontoorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,includingcarbohydrates,lipids,proteins,andnucleicacids.Structure,function,andbiologicalsignificanceo
feachgroupofmolecules
13. What is the name of the dense fibrous membrane that covers bone?
a. Cancellous portion
b. Periosteum
c. Diploë
d. Medullary portion
ANS: B
14. Which of the following bones is classified as a short bone?
a. Vertebrae
b. Phalanges (toes)
c. Scapulae
d. Carpal (wrist bones)
ANS: D
15. Which of the following is a secondary growth center for endochondral ossification?
a. Diaphysis
b. Epiphyses
c. Metaphysis
d. Articular cartilage
ANS: B
16. Which aspect of the long bones is responsible for the production of red blood cells?
a. Compact bone
, b. Periosteum
c. Medullary cavity
d. Spongy or cancellous bone
ANS: D
17. Examples of ―flat‖ bones are the:
a. calvaria, ribs, scapulae, and sternum.
b. ribs, sternum, patella, and ilia of pelvis.
c. sternum, scapulae, ilia of pelvis, and base of cranium.
d. sternum and ilia of pelvis only.
ANS: A
18. What is the primary center for bone growth termed?
a. Epiphyses
b. Diaphysis
c. Metaphysis
d. Epiphyseal plate
ANS: B
**:Considerationofethicalissues,societalimplications,andapplicationsofbiologicalknowledgeinareassuchasmedicine,biotechnology,conservation,andenvironmentalsustaina
bility.**HistoricalPerspectives**:Overviewofsignificantmilestonesandcontributionsinthedevelopmentofbiologyasascientificdiscipline,includingkeyfigures,discoveries,and
advancementsinbiologicaltheories.**ToolsandTechniques**:Introductiontolaboratorytechniques,instruments,andmethodologiesusedinbiologicalresearch,suchasmicroscop
y,DNAsequencing,biochemicalanalysis,andcomputationalbiology.**CurrentChallengesandFrontiers**:Discussiononcontemporarychallengesfacingbiology,suchasemergi
nginfectiousdiseases,climatechangeimpacts,biodiversityloss,andtheapplicationofbiotechnologicalinnovations.**SummaryandKeyConcepts**:Thechapterconcludeswithas
ummaryofkeyconceptsdiscussed,reinforcingthefoundationalprinciplesofbiologyandpreparingstudentsforfurtherexplorationinsubsequentchapters.Chapter1of"EssentialsofB
iology"aimstoprovidestudentswithacomprehensiveintroductiontothescientificstudyoflife,emphasizingitsbreadth,significance,andrelevanceinunderstandingthenaturalworld
andaddressingglobalchallenges.Itsetsthestagefordeeperexplorationintobiologicalconceptsandprinciplescoveredthroughoutthetextbook.Ifyouhavespecificquestionsaboutanyofthe
setopicsorwouldlikemoredetailedinformationonaparticularaspectofChapter1,feelfreetoask!Chapter2Chapter2of"EssentialsofBiology"bySylviaMaderandMichaelWindelspecht,titled"TheChemicalBas
isofLife,"typicallydelvesintothefoundationalprinciplesofchemistryastheyrelatetobiologicalsystems.Here’sanoverviewofwhatyoumightfindinthischapter:**IntroductiontoBiochemistry**:Definitionofbi
ochemistryasthebranchofchemistryconcernedwiththechemicalprocessesandsubstancesthatoccurwithinlivingorganisms.**ElementsandAtoms**:Explanationofbasicchemicalelementsessentialtolife,thei
ratomicstructure(protons,neutrons,electrons),andhowatomscombinetoformmolecules.**ChemicalBonds**:Discussionondifferenttypesofchemicalbonds(covalent,ionic,hydrogenbonds)andtheirroleinh
oldingatomstogetherinmoleculesandcompounds.**PropertiesofWater**:Explorationofwaterasapolarmolecule,itsuniqueproperties(highcohesion,adhesion,surfacetension,highspecificheatcapacity),and
itsimportanceinbiologicalsystems.**Acids,Bases,andpH**:Definitionofacidsandbases,theirroleinchemicalreactions,andtheconceptofpHasameasureofhydrogenionconcentration.ImportanceofpHregula
tioninbiologicalprocesses.**OrganicMolecules**:Introductiontoorganicmoleculesessentialforlife,includingcarbohydrates,lipids,proteins,andnucleicacids.Structure,function,andbiologicalsignificanceo
feachgroupofmolecules
19. Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of joints?
a. Synarthrosis
b. Amphiarthrosis
c. Cartilaginous
d. Diarthrosis
ANS: C
20. The structural term for a freely movable joint is:
a. fibrous.
b. cartilaginous.
c. synovial.
d. gomphosis.
ANS: C
21. Which of the following joints displays flexion and extension type of movement primarily?
a. Pivot
b. Ellipsoidal
c. Saddle
d. Ginglymus
ANS: D
