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  • Anatomy And Physiology 102
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Final Exam: APHY102/ APHY 102 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Review | Qs & As| Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Answers) - Ivy Tech

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Course Anatomy and Physiology 102
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Final Exam: APHY102/ APHY 102 (Latest 2024/ 2025 Update) Review | Qs & As| Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Answers) - Ivy Tech Q: Describe the steps in clot formation. Answer: Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding. 1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts 2. Platelet plug formation: a. break in vessel wall b. blood escapes through break c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen d. platelet plug helps control blood loss 3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs extrinsically or intrinsically). Q: What blood types can give/receive to/from other blood types? Answer: Donors with blood type AB... can donate to recipients with blood type AB only. Donors with blood type O... can donate to recipients with blood types A, B, AB and O (O is the universal donor: donors with O blood are compatible with any other blood type) Q: What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, WBC and platelets? Answer: In a centrifuged blood sample: • 55% is plasma. • 45% is RBCs. • WBCs and platelets are 1%. Q: Compare serum versus plasma. Answer: o Serum: water fluid from blood without the clotting factors. And, this is the liquid that remains after the blood has clotted o Plasma: blood fluid that contains blood clotting agents. And, this is the liquid that remains when clotting is prevented Q: What is hematocrit? Answer: the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood Q: How is the ANS used to regulate blood pressure? Answer: o Sympathetic branches of the ANS innervate smooth muscle in artery and arteriole walls (and can constrict or dilate). Changes in the diameters of arteries and arterioles greatly influence blood flow and blood pressure. Q: What are the functions of the cardiovascular system? Answer: o The four major functions of the cardiovascular system are: 1. To transport nutrients, gases and waste products around the body 2. To protect the body from infection and blood loss 3. To help the body maintain a constant body temperature 4. To help maintain fluid balance within the body Q: What factors can influence heart rate and/or blood pressure? Answer: o Heart rate: Cholesterol, Resting heart rate, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Blood pressure, Blood glucose level, Waist circumference, Heart rhythm, Family history. o Blood Pressure: Cardiac output, Peripheral vascular resistance, Volume of circulating blood, Viscosity of blood, Elasticity of vessels walls Q: Identify the major arteries/veins of the body. Answer: (Veins return blood back the heart) (Arteries deliver blood to the body (away from heart) Major arteries: Ascending aorta-right and left coronary a. Brachiocephalic a., Left common carotid a., and the Left subclavian a. Descending aorta Thoracic aorta-Bronchial artery, Pericardial a., Esophageal a., Mediastinal a., Posterior intercostal a. Abdominal aorta- Celiac a., Phrenic a., Superior mesenteric a., Suprarenal a., Renal a., Gonadal a., Inferior mesenteric a., Lumbar a., Middle sacral a., Common iliac a.

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FinalIExam:IAPHY102/IAPHYI102I(NewI
2024/I2025IUpdate)IReviewI|IQsI&IAs|I
GradeIA|I100%ICorrectI(VerifiedIAnswers)I
-IIvyITech
QUESTION
HowIdoesIstressIaffectIimmunity?


Answer:
oIWhenIwe'reIstressed,ItheIimmuneIsystem'sIabilityItoIfightIoffIantigensIisIreduced.IThatIisIw
hyIweIareImoreIsusceptibleItoIinfections.ITheIstressIhormoneIcorticosteroidIcanIsuppressItheIe
ffectivenessIofItheIimmuneIsystemI(e.g.IlowersItheInumberIofIlymphocytes)




QUESTION
CompareIandIcontrastIpassiveIversusIactiveIimmunity.


Answer:
oIPassiveIimmunity:ItemporaryIimmunityIobtainedIviaIantibodies;InoIantigenIexposure;InoIim
muneIresponseIisIevokedIbyIperson'sIimmuneIsystem
oIActiveIimmunity:IpermanentIimmunityIobtainedIviaIantigenIcontact;IimmuneIresponseIisIev
oked,IandImemoryIBIcellsIareIproduced




QUESTION
CompareIandIcontrastIprimaryIversusIsecondaryIimmuneIresponses.


Answer:
*PrimaryIImmuneIresponse:IProducedIbyIfirstIencounterIwithIantigen;IfirstIantibodiesIappearIi
nI5-10Idays,IandIremainIforIseveralIweeks.ImemoryIBIcellsIareIalsoIproduced
*SecondaryIImmuneIresponse:ISubsequentIexposureItoIantigenIproducesIhighIconcentrationIof
IantibodiesIinI1-
2Idays;IantibodiesIremainIforImonthsIorIyears;ImemoryIBIcellsIliveIforImanyIyears

,QUESTION
DescribeItheIrolesIofIIgG,IIgD,IIgE,IIgA,IandIIgM.


Answer:
IgG-
IisIinIplasmaIandItissueIfluidsIandIisIeffectiveIagainstIbacteria,Ivirsuses,IandItoxinsIandIitIacti
vatesIcomplementIproteins.I(80%IofIantibodies)

IgA-
IisIinIbreastImilk,Itears,InasalIfluid,IgastricIjuice,IintestinalIjuice,IandIurineIandIitIisIanIexocri
neIglandIsecretion.I(13%IofIantibodies)

IgM-
IisIaItypeIofIantibodyIproducedIinIplasmaIinIresponseItoIcontactIwithIcertainIantigensIinIfoods
IorIbacteria.I(6%IofIantibodies)

IgD-
IisIonItheIsurfacesIofImostIBIcellsIandIactsIasIanIantigenIreceptorIandIisIimportantIinIactivatin
gIBIcells.I(<1%IofIantibodies)

IgE-
IappearsIinIexocrineIsecretionsIwithIIgA.IItIisIassociatedIwithIallergicIreactions.I(<1%IofIantib
odies)




QUESTION
CompareIandIcontrastIinnateIbarriersIversusIadaptiveIimmunity.


Answer:
oIInnateIimmunityIisIsomethingIalreadyIpresentIinItheIbody.IAdaptiveIimmunityIisIcreatedIinIr
esponseItoIexposureItoIaIforeignIsubstance.IOnceIactivatedIagainstIaIspecificItypeIofIantigen,It
heIimmunityIremainsIthroughoutItheIlife.I
oIAdaptiveIimmuneIsystemIisIcomposedIofIBIcellsIandITIcells

,QUESTION
DescribeItheIdifferentIglandsIassociatedIwithItheIlymphaticIsystem.IWhatIareItheirIfunctions?


Answer:
oILymphInodes:IfilterIforeignIparticlesIandIdebrisIfromIlymph,IhouseIlymphocytesIthatIdestro
yIforeignIparticlesIinIlymph;IhouseImacrophagesIthatIengulfIandIdestroyIforeignIparticlesIandI
cellularIdebris.
oIThymus:IHousesIlymphocytes,IdifferentiatesIthymocytesIintoITIlymphocytes.
oISpleen:IHousesImacrophagesIthatIremoveIforeignIparticles,IdamagedIredIbloodIcells,IandIcel
lularIdebrisIfromItheIblood,IcontainsIlymphocytes.




QUESTION
HowIdoesIanIautoimmuneIdiseaseIwork?


Answer:
oIAnIattackIbyItheIimmuneIsystemIagainstIownItissues.ITheIimmuneIsystemIfailsItoIdistinguis
hI"self"IfromI"non-
self",IandItheIbodyIproducesIantibodiesIcalledIautoantibodies.IAlso,IcytotoxicITIcellsIattackIth
eIbody'sItissuesIandIorgans.IVariousIautoimmuneIdisordersIaffectIdifferentItypesIofIcells.ITher
eIareIseveralItheoriesIconcerningItheIcause(s)IofIautoimmuneIdisorders,IbutInoIsingleIcauseIha
sIbeenIestablished.




QUESTION
WhatIisIpus?


Answer:
oIPusIisIaIwhitish-yellow,Iyellow,IorIbrown-yellowIprotein-
richIfluidIcalledIliquorIpurisIthatIaccumulatesIatItheIsiteIofIanIinfection.IItIconsistsIofIaIbuildu
pIofIdead,IwhiteIbloodIcellsIthatIformIwhenItheIbody'sIimmuneIsystemIrespondsItoItheIinfecti
on.




QUESTION

, DescribeIdifferencesIbetweenITIcellsIandIBIcells.


Answer:
oIAnIimportantIdifferenceIbetweenIT-cellsIandIB-cellsIisIthatIB-
cellsIcanIconnectItoIantigensIrightIonItheIsurfaceIofItheIinvadingIvirusIorIbacteriaIandIproduce
Iantibodies.IThisIisIdifferentIfromIT-
cells,IwhichIcanIonlyIconnectItoIvirusIantigensIonItheIoutsideIofIinfectedIcells
(B-cells-IattackIinvadersIoutsideItheIcell)
(T-cells-IattackIinfectedIcells)




QUESTION
WhatIareItheIpartsIofIeachIofItheIdigestiveIorgans?


Answer:
TheIdigestiveIsystemIconsistsIofI2Iportions:

AlimentaryIcanal:IConsistsIofIorgansIthatIextendIfromItheImouthItoItheIanus;ItheIfoodIpassage
way
oIMouth,Ipharynx,Iesophagus,Istomach,IsmallIintestine,IlargeIintestine,IanalIcanal.

AccessoryIorgans:IConsistsIofIorgansIthatIemptyIsecretionsIintoItheIalimentaryIcanal;IfoodIdo
esInotIpassIthroughIthem
oISalivaryIglands,Iliver,Igallbladder,Ipancreas




QUESTION
WhatIcanIbeIfoundIinI(normal)Ifeces?


Answer:
oIFecesIareIcomposedIofImaterialsInotIdigestedIorIabsorbed,IandIalsoIcontain:
§IWaterI(~75%IofIfeces)
§IElectrolytes
§IMucus
§IBacteria
§IBileIpigments,IwhichIprovideItheIcolor,IafterIbacterialIalteration

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