MGY 377 Full Exams Test Bank for midterm and final exam,all possible questions and answers 2024/2025;Everything you need to pass is here/University of Toronto

MGY 377 Full Exams Test Bank for midterm
and final exam,all possible questions and
answers 2024/2025;Everything you need to
pass is here/University of Toronto

,MGY 377 Full Exams Test Bank for midterm
and final exam,all possible questions and
answers 2024/2025;Everything you need to
pass is here/University of Toronto

What is the importance of the Siege of Caffa? - Ans- Italy vs. Mongols

> Tartars (Mongols) lobbed corpses into the city spreading an infectious disease that Italy could not cure



What is the main pandemic that occurred during the mid-fourteenth century? - Ans- The Black Death
(bubonic plague)



What bacteria caused bubonic plague? - Ans- Yersinia pestis



What are some symptoms of bubonic plague? - Ans- After incubation for 2-6 days, severe malaise,
headache, shaking/chills, fever, pain/swelling, adenopathy in regional lymph nodes - buboes

> extremities have gangrene



Where is bubonic plague found? - Ans- Black-tailed prairie dogs in North American plains



What are basic classes of bacterial transmission? - Ans- > Food/water-borne

> Vector-borne

> Airborne/lung-airway

> Contact

> Sexual



What was the "Golden Age of Medicine"? - Ans- After germ-theory + green revolution

> development of vaccines

> antibiotics

> ~ 1950s

,What age does the increased survival rate of humans drop off? - Ans- 60 years old



What were the leading causes of death in the 1900s? - Ans- Infectious disease



What were the leading causes of death in the 2000s? - Ans- Non-infectious disease (i.e. heart disease,
cancer)



What are the leading causes of death in low-income countries in the 2000s? - Ans- Infectious disease



What are non-sterile locations on your body? - Ans- > Mouth

> Stomach (almost sterile)

> Small intestine

> Large intestine

> Skin



What part of your body has the most bacteria? - Ans- Large intestine



What is the most microbially dense area on Earth? - Ans- Human colon



How did the Human Microbiome Project determine it's sequencing? - Ans- via PCR from thousands of
healthy samples



How many different species of bacteria, archaea, and fungi exist in the healthy intestinal microbiota? -
Ans- > 500



Order the most dominant species populations - Humans, Insects, Trees, Bacteria: - Ans- Bacteria >
Insects > Trees > Humans



What accounts for most of Earth's biomass? - Ans- Terrestrial plants

, What is microbial ecology? - Ans- The cycling of most elements on Earth via microbial metabolism



What are the main cycles in microbial ecology? - Ans- > N cycle

> C(O2) cycle

> S cycle

> P cycle



What caused the early atmosphere to be full of O2? - Ans- Bacterial photosynthesis



What is the great oxygenation event? - Ans- After most elements absorbed O2, there was no where left
to go meaning that it went into the atmosphere killing off tons of anaerobes



What accounts for the massive amount of minerals that we have on earth? - Ans- Oxidation via microbes
(O2 release)



What did Ernst Haekel do? - Ans- Tree of life with Moneres (small section for bacteria)

> old trees of life were mainly visible life



What did Hug and Banfield do? - Ans- Created a new tree of life based on genomic definitions

> Dominated by bacteria/microbes



What are viruses? - Ans- Microscopic, non-cellular, non-living

> nucleic acid wrapped in protein/lipid coat with no "metabolism"

> require host cell machinery to replicate genomes and make progeny



What are features of bacteria? - Ans- > Metabolism

> Autonomous reproduction

> Differentiation