SONOGRAPHY PRINCIPLES AND INSTRUMENTS TEST BANK
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS|ACCURATE
REAL EXAM WITH RATIONALE| ALREADY GRADED
A|GUARANTEED PASS|LATEST UPDATE 2024|2025
curved linear phased array - CORRECT ANSWER AKA
curvilinear array or convex array
contains a large number of linearly arranged piezoelectric elements (120-250)
sequentially pulsed transducer elements
produced blunted/ curved sector image with a larger near field footprint
uses electronic focusing & steering
sector phased array - CORRECT ANSWER small footprint with a large number of linearly
arranged rectangular piezoelectric elements
triangle shape created by electronic steering
vector array - CORRECT ANSWER combine sequenced linear array and phased array
techniques to provide a trapezoidal image. larger footprint than phased array
Harmonic imaging - CORRECT ANSWER a low frequency beam is transmitted into the patient
but the system displays the received information as double the frequency
5mhz transmitted = 10 MHz displayed
what does harmonic imaging allow - CORRECT ANSWER deeper penetration with lower
transmitted frequency and improved lateral resolution with increased received frequency
harmonic imaging has what sized beam width? - CORRECT ANSWER provides a narrow beam
width to reduce side lobe/grating lobe artifact
what is axial resolution and what does it improve with? - CORRECT ANSWER ability to
resolve two separate structures that lie parallel to the ultrasound beam
improves with higher transducer frequency, wider bandwidths and shorter pulse lengths
lateral resolution and what does it improve with - CORRECT ANSWER ability to resolve two
separate structures that lie perpendicular to one another
improves with higher frequency, beam focusing, wider bandwidths and more superficial
structures
contrast resolution - CORRECT ANSWER ability to differentiate two structures with varied
echogenicity
compression will change the contrast resolution of the image
,increasing compression and the dynamic range will - CORRECT ANSWER allow more shades
of gray - increased contrast resolution
educational resolution - CORRECT ANSWER AKA slice thickness resolution
improves with thinner image slices
most difficult to adjust
what improves elevational resolution - CORRECT ANSWER increased transducer frequency &
focusing
temporal resolution - CORRECT ANSWER the ability to detect that an object has moved over
time
a decreased temporal resolution causes the image to lag
how to improve temporal resolution - CORRECT ANSWER decreased focal zones
smaller field of view
decreased imaging depth
decreased line density
external/mechanical focusing - CORRECT ANSWER lens placed inside the transducer in front
of the element to focus the beam before it exits the transducer
internal or electronic focusing - CORRECT ANSWER varied timing of the pulser voltage used
to vary the firing of elements in an array
used to steer the beam, helps to visualize needles during procedures
Hard copy storage - CORRECT ANSWER any kind of film
thermal paper
Kodak glossy printers
inkjet printers
videotapes
disadvantage - images degrade over time due to damage
hardware, software, digital medias - CORRECT ANSWER DICOM- digital imaging and
communication in medicine, standard image format for the medical community
PACS - CORRECT ANSWER Picture Archiving and Communication System
the best form of storage for DICOM images
reflection - CORRECT ANSWER return of the ultrasound wave to the transducer from a
smooth surface
when does the greatest amount of reflection occur - CORRECT ANSWER when the incident
beam is perpendicular to structure (specular reflection)
,scatter - CORRECT ANSWER deflection of ultrasound waves from small structures (red blood
cells scatter sound)
refraction - CORRECT ANSWER deflection of Ultrasound waves due to media with varied
acoustic impedance
attenuation - CORRECT ANSWER loss of Ultrasound signal due to absorption in tissues as it
travels
higher frequencies have higher attenuation rates
what generates the voltage that excites the piezoelectric elements so it produces a sound pulse -
CORRECT ANSWER pulser
The pulser determines the ___ of the voltage spike applied to the element - CORRECT
ANSWER amplitude
____ determines the PRF of the transducer - CORRECT ANSWER Pulser
T or F the pulser can be adjusted by the sonographer using the power output - CORRECT
ANSWER true
___ uses mechanical focusing & steering with only one element - CORRECT ANSWER single
element
multiple elements used to create an image by varying timing of the electrical pulses (firing) to
different elements in the array - CORRECT ANSWER phased array
phased array uses - CORRECT ANSWER electronic steering & focusing
transducer frequency is ___ proportional to penetration and directly proportional to resolution -
CORRECT ANSWER inversely
name three things that are inversely proportional to transmitted frequency - CORRECT
ANSWER beam width, spatial pulse length and pulse duration
Annular array - CORRECT ANSWER 5 concentric ring shaped piezoelectric elements that
produces a cylindrical beam (sector shaped image)
requires mechanical steering
with an annular phased array outer elements image ___. Central elements image ____. -
CORRECT ANSWER outer - image deeper structures
inner elements- superficial structures
sequential linear array - CORRECT ANSWER AKA switch array
200 rectangle elements across face of transducer
, parallel acoustic lines are transmitted sequentially
uses mechanical focusing (curved lense or crystal)*
what transducer has the same field of view in near and far fields ( no trapezoid FOV) -
CORRECT ANSWER switched array (sequential linear array)
linear phased array - CORRECT ANSWER contains 200 elements
elements fired at varied times to allow for electronic focusing & beam steering
phasing creates trapezoidal FOV
curved sequential array - CORRECT ANSWER similar construction & function as a sequential
linear array
no beam steering
blunted sector FOV
Requires mechanical focusing
NAS - CORRECT ANSWER network attached storage - computer memory device that are apart
from the PACS system. used to store the original study and the backup files in separate locations
= hardware
RIS or HIS - CORRECT ANSWER Radiology Information System
Hospital Information System
a software program that stores medical records, appointments and other patient information
2D imaging - CORRECT ANSWER grayscale imaging
used to assess chamber size, structure motion valvular structure & motion
in 2D imaging the amplitude of the reflection is directly proportional to - CORRECT ANSWER
the brightness of the pixel on the display
image depth is inversely proportional to - CORRECT ANSWER pulse repetition frequency
what can be used to calculate the time of flight or go return time? - CORRECT ANSWER range
equation
what is the range equation used for? - CORRECT ANSWER used to calculate depth of a
structure for pixel placement on the screen
what is the range equation - CORRECT ANSWER distance to reflector = 1/2 speed of sound x
time of flight
power output - CORRECT ANSWER adjusts the electrical voltage applied to the PE elements
in the transducer; changes the energy of the beam; used as a last resort to increase penetration
and reflected sound wave amplitude
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS|ACCURATE
REAL EXAM WITH RATIONALE| ALREADY GRADED
A|GUARANTEED PASS|LATEST UPDATE 2024|2025
curved linear phased array - CORRECT ANSWER AKA
curvilinear array or convex array
contains a large number of linearly arranged piezoelectric elements (120-250)
sequentially pulsed transducer elements
produced blunted/ curved sector image with a larger near field footprint
uses electronic focusing & steering
sector phased array - CORRECT ANSWER small footprint with a large number of linearly
arranged rectangular piezoelectric elements
triangle shape created by electronic steering
vector array - CORRECT ANSWER combine sequenced linear array and phased array
techniques to provide a trapezoidal image. larger footprint than phased array
Harmonic imaging - CORRECT ANSWER a low frequency beam is transmitted into the patient
but the system displays the received information as double the frequency
5mhz transmitted = 10 MHz displayed
what does harmonic imaging allow - CORRECT ANSWER deeper penetration with lower
transmitted frequency and improved lateral resolution with increased received frequency
harmonic imaging has what sized beam width? - CORRECT ANSWER provides a narrow beam
width to reduce side lobe/grating lobe artifact
what is axial resolution and what does it improve with? - CORRECT ANSWER ability to
resolve two separate structures that lie parallel to the ultrasound beam
improves with higher transducer frequency, wider bandwidths and shorter pulse lengths
lateral resolution and what does it improve with - CORRECT ANSWER ability to resolve two
separate structures that lie perpendicular to one another
improves with higher frequency, beam focusing, wider bandwidths and more superficial
structures
contrast resolution - CORRECT ANSWER ability to differentiate two structures with varied
echogenicity
compression will change the contrast resolution of the image
,increasing compression and the dynamic range will - CORRECT ANSWER allow more shades
of gray - increased contrast resolution
educational resolution - CORRECT ANSWER AKA slice thickness resolution
improves with thinner image slices
most difficult to adjust
what improves elevational resolution - CORRECT ANSWER increased transducer frequency &
focusing
temporal resolution - CORRECT ANSWER the ability to detect that an object has moved over
time
a decreased temporal resolution causes the image to lag
how to improve temporal resolution - CORRECT ANSWER decreased focal zones
smaller field of view
decreased imaging depth
decreased line density
external/mechanical focusing - CORRECT ANSWER lens placed inside the transducer in front
of the element to focus the beam before it exits the transducer
internal or electronic focusing - CORRECT ANSWER varied timing of the pulser voltage used
to vary the firing of elements in an array
used to steer the beam, helps to visualize needles during procedures
Hard copy storage - CORRECT ANSWER any kind of film
thermal paper
Kodak glossy printers
inkjet printers
videotapes
disadvantage - images degrade over time due to damage
hardware, software, digital medias - CORRECT ANSWER DICOM- digital imaging and
communication in medicine, standard image format for the medical community
PACS - CORRECT ANSWER Picture Archiving and Communication System
the best form of storage for DICOM images
reflection - CORRECT ANSWER return of the ultrasound wave to the transducer from a
smooth surface
when does the greatest amount of reflection occur - CORRECT ANSWER when the incident
beam is perpendicular to structure (specular reflection)
,scatter - CORRECT ANSWER deflection of ultrasound waves from small structures (red blood
cells scatter sound)
refraction - CORRECT ANSWER deflection of Ultrasound waves due to media with varied
acoustic impedance
attenuation - CORRECT ANSWER loss of Ultrasound signal due to absorption in tissues as it
travels
higher frequencies have higher attenuation rates
what generates the voltage that excites the piezoelectric elements so it produces a sound pulse -
CORRECT ANSWER pulser
The pulser determines the ___ of the voltage spike applied to the element - CORRECT
ANSWER amplitude
____ determines the PRF of the transducer - CORRECT ANSWER Pulser
T or F the pulser can be adjusted by the sonographer using the power output - CORRECT
ANSWER true
___ uses mechanical focusing & steering with only one element - CORRECT ANSWER single
element
multiple elements used to create an image by varying timing of the electrical pulses (firing) to
different elements in the array - CORRECT ANSWER phased array
phased array uses - CORRECT ANSWER electronic steering & focusing
transducer frequency is ___ proportional to penetration and directly proportional to resolution -
CORRECT ANSWER inversely
name three things that are inversely proportional to transmitted frequency - CORRECT
ANSWER beam width, spatial pulse length and pulse duration
Annular array - CORRECT ANSWER 5 concentric ring shaped piezoelectric elements that
produces a cylindrical beam (sector shaped image)
requires mechanical steering
with an annular phased array outer elements image ___. Central elements image ____. -
CORRECT ANSWER outer - image deeper structures
inner elements- superficial structures
sequential linear array - CORRECT ANSWER AKA switch array
200 rectangle elements across face of transducer
, parallel acoustic lines are transmitted sequentially
uses mechanical focusing (curved lense or crystal)*
what transducer has the same field of view in near and far fields ( no trapezoid FOV) -
CORRECT ANSWER switched array (sequential linear array)
linear phased array - CORRECT ANSWER contains 200 elements
elements fired at varied times to allow for electronic focusing & beam steering
phasing creates trapezoidal FOV
curved sequential array - CORRECT ANSWER similar construction & function as a sequential
linear array
no beam steering
blunted sector FOV
Requires mechanical focusing
NAS - CORRECT ANSWER network attached storage - computer memory device that are apart
from the PACS system. used to store the original study and the backup files in separate locations
= hardware
RIS or HIS - CORRECT ANSWER Radiology Information System
Hospital Information System
a software program that stores medical records, appointments and other patient information
2D imaging - CORRECT ANSWER grayscale imaging
used to assess chamber size, structure motion valvular structure & motion
in 2D imaging the amplitude of the reflection is directly proportional to - CORRECT ANSWER
the brightness of the pixel on the display
image depth is inversely proportional to - CORRECT ANSWER pulse repetition frequency
what can be used to calculate the time of flight or go return time? - CORRECT ANSWER range
equation
what is the range equation used for? - CORRECT ANSWER used to calculate depth of a
structure for pixel placement on the screen
what is the range equation - CORRECT ANSWER distance to reflector = 1/2 speed of sound x
time of flight
power output - CORRECT ANSWER adjusts the electrical voltage applied to the PE elements
in the transducer; changes the energy of the beam; used as a last resort to increase penetration
and reflected sound wave amplitude
