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Summary

Statistics and Methodology Summary

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Extensive summary for the Masters course in Statistics and Methodology ( R Code Snippets). It contains all the information from the lectures, plus clear examples, additional information and the important formulas.

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  • October 18, 2019
  • 24
  • 2019/2020
  • Summary

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Available practice questions

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Some examples from this set of practice questions

1.

True or False? Normality of the predictors is an assumption of MLR

Answer: False

2.

What would happen if you were to attempt a statistical analysis without making any assumptions?

Answer: Your analysis would produce an infinite number of equally plausible results.

3.

True or False? The residual errors need to be statistically independent after accounting for the fitted regression model. However, the observations do not need to be independent.

Answer: True

4.

Why is analyzing uncertainty an important part of statistics?

Answer: Because statisticians must be able to objectively quantify confidence in their conclusions.

5.

Why are the predictor variables usually assumed to be fixed in multiple linear regression?

Answer: Because multiple linear regression is a model of the conditional mean response, and explicitly modeling the predictors’ distribution does not help model the mean response. Moreover, explicitly modeling the predictors’ distribution would substantial increase the computationally complexity of regression modeling.

6.

True or False? When using multiple linear regression, the errors must be uncorrelated with the predictors.

Answer: True

7.

Why do we need to make assumptions when doing statistical analyses?

Answer: Data, by themselves, do not offer enough information to support statistical inference. We need to assume some properties of the population model that generated the data.

8.

What does the Gauss-Markov Theorem state?

Answer: The Gauss-Markov theorem states that if your linear regression model satisfies the first six classical assumptions, then ordinary least squares (OLS) regression produces unbiased estimates that have the smallest variance of all possible linear estimators.

9.

Why do we need the assumption of constant error variance in multiple linear regression?

Answer: Because multiple linear regression only models the mean response; we do not explicitly model the error variance.

10.

What is the most important consequence of violating the constant, finite error variance assumption?

Answer: The standard errors will be biased.

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