NSG 510 Exam 4 Questions With Correct Answers.

NSG 510 Exam 4 Questions With Correct Answers. Benign prostatic hyperplasia risk factors - answerolder men (~80% will be diagnosed in their lifetime) Benign prostatic hyperplasia Manifestations - answer- Progressive degrees of urinary outflow obstruction from difficulty initiating urine flow - progressive decrease in force of urinary stream - incomplete bladder emptying - high post-void residuals - Physical exam reveals a large, non-tender prostate. Benign prostatic hyperplasia Complications - answerObstruction of urinary flow and stasis or urine increases the risk of urinary tract infection and prostatitis. Prostatitis etiology - answerInfection (e. coli, usually) by various routes: - ascending from urethra - descending from bladder or kidneys - hematogenous from blood stream - direct extension from rectum Manifestations of acute bacterial prostatitis - answer-Systemic findings consistent with an infection - low back pain - urinary frequency, urgency, and dysuria - tender and swollen prostate - localized lymph node tenderness prostatitis diagnosis - answerbased on manifestations and urinalysis/culture results EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 29, 2024 12:59 PM prostate cancer statistics - answer- 12% of men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point during their life - Decline in new cases, flat death rate - A disease of older age - Disproportionately effects Blacks - Survival declines with late stage and advanced disease (screen with DRE and PSA). prostate cancer etiology - answerpolygenic, multifactorial, and just bad luck on random mitotic mutations prostate cancer Manifestations - answer- If a patient comes in with symptoms (bladder outlet obstruction) it typically suggests advanced disease and poor outcomes. - Prostatic specific antigen testing - Abnormally high levels occur with a whole host of prostate conditions from benign to malignant (sensitive but not specific) - Physical findings: Urinary stream problems and hard, nodular, non-painful prostate by digital rectal exam. prostate cancer diagnosis - answerTransrectal ultrasound and biopsy testicular cancer trends and statistics - answer- Approximately 0.4 percent of men will be diagnosed with testicular cancer at some point during their lifetime - Increase in new cases, flat death rate - A disease of younger age - Disproportionately effects Whites - Survival declines with late stage and advanced disease. testicular cancer etiology - answerThis is a disease of younger men, typically childbearing years. For the majority of cases, the cause is unknown. testicular cancer manifestations - answerNon-tender mass on palpation. Cystocele - answerProtrusion of bladder (cysto) wall through weakened vaginal musculature. rectocele - answerprotrusion of rectal (recto) wall through weakened vaginal musculature. cysto/rectocele etiology - answerAge and weakened vaginal musculature (think multiple vaginal deliveries) EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 29, 2024 12:59 PM cysto/rectocele manifestations - answerSensations of pressure, urinary incontinence, constipation. Uterine prolapse - answer- Note the uterus is at nearly a right angle to the vagina and overlies the bladder. - In prolapse, the uterus parallels the vagina and telescopes into it to varying degrees (1st, 2nd, and 3rd). uterine prolapse etiology - answer- Weakness of the supportive ligaments (uterosacral and cardinal) and weakness of the vaginal musculature. - Occurs at any age. - May be due to congenital weakness of musculoskeletal system or to the effects of childbirth uterine prolapse manifestations - answer- Vaginal fullness - with 3rd degree, cervical trauma uterine prolapse treatment - answerHysterectomy Leiomyomas - answer- Benign growths of the uterus during childbearing years. - Incidence in Black women three times higher than white women. leiomyomas etiology - answerUnknown but related to estrogen and growth hormone. leiomyomas manifestations - answer- Mostly asymptomatic but, depending on size, may interfere with reproduction and other functions of the genitourinary tract. - Those that penetrate to vasculature will cause abnormal uterine bleeding - always worrisome. Endometriosis - answerThe presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus endometriosis etiology - answer- Retrograde flow - metaplasia - vascular/lymphatics endometriosis pathogenesis - answer- Hormones/genetics cause endometrial cells to adhere (stick to one another) and proliferate (divide and increase in #). - Inflammatory mediators promote vascularization (blood supply) and innervation (nerve supply). endometriosis manifestations - answer- Lesions take on many different forms: cystic, vesicular, fibrotic, adhesion