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Summary Punctuation and rules of punctuation
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Concordia College Bahawalpur1st Year English
Punctuation Rules
By: Shan Ahmad Ch.
1. Capitalization
1. The first letter of every English sentence begins with capital letter.
Examples
We are good students.
Are they coming today?
Ahmad recited the Holy Quran.
She came in July last.
2. The first letter of each line of each poetry begins with capital letter
Examples
“What is this life if, full of care,
We have no time to stand and stare.
No time to stand beneath the boughs
And stare as long as sheep or cows.
3. Wherever the pronouns I and O are used in sentence alone, will always be written
capital.
Examples
He saw me but I could not.
He said, “Help me O, Allah”
4. The first letter of the names of languages, days of the week and months is always
written capital.
Examples
French, Persian, Arabic, English, Urdu etc.زبانوں کے نام
Sunday, Monday, Thursday, Saturday etc. ہفتہ کے دنوں کے نام
January, February, March, April etc.مہینوں کے نام
5. Season names usually do not start with capital letter.
Examples
They met me in winter.
Flowers bloom in spring.
6. Professional titles and Titles of books are always started with capital letters. (except
conjunction, articles, and prepositions if sentence does not start with them)
Examples
He works with Majid who has written “A Guide to Political Theory”
I know Dr. Sajid, who has written a book, “The History of Islam”
7. In direct speech, both reporting speech and reported speech start with capital letter.
, Examples
He said, “I have learnt the poem by heart.”
She said, “Let us go out for a walk”
8. The attributes of Allah, Holy Books , Prophets, goddesses, deities, titles of books and
names of their chapters always start with capital.
Examples
Allah the Almighty, The Supreme Being ((خدائے برتر, The Holy Quran, The Bible, The
Sura Faateh, The Christ, The Venus, (the Roman goddess of love and beauty), The Mars,
(The Roman god of war)
9. All proper nouns start with capital letter.
Examples
• Name of Personalities
Saeed, Anwar, Tariq Bin Zayad, Ali, Shahid etc.
• Names of nations
The Muslim, The Sikhs, The Iranians, The British etc.
• Names of rivers
The Ravi, The Sutlej, The Chenab, The Indus etc.
• Names of roads
Karachi-Peshawar Link Road, Khyber Pass, G.T Road, Zafar Ali Khan Road etc.
• Names of political parties
The Muslim League, The Pakistan people’s Party, The Democratic Party
• The names of the mountains
K-2, The Himalayas, Rock Mountain, Atlas Mountain, Hindu Kush, Mount Everest.
• Names of continents
The Asia, Subcontinent, Continent Europe, Africa, Antarctica etc.
• The names of the seas
The India Ocean, The Red Sea, The Mediterranean, The Atlantic Ocean, The Dead Sea etc.
• Names of deserts
The Cholistan Desert, The Gobi Desert, The Rajisthan Desert, The Tharparkar Desert, etc.
• Names of lakes
Tarbela Lake, Manjher Lake, Saif-ul-Malook, etc.
• The names of the Gulf
The Persian Gulf, The Bay of Bengal etc.
• Names of national and international organizations
Pakistan Boy Scouts Association, Punjab Public Service Commission, World Health Organization,
Federal Public Service Commission etc.
• Names of places or places in terms of geographical regions and the specific
geographical distribution of a country
The Punjab, Northern Areas, The Middle East etc.
, • Names of historical places, events or movements
The Freedom Movement, The Battle of Panipat, The French Revolution, The Taj Mahal etc.
• Names of public or private institutes
The State Bank, The Legislative Assembly, The Supreme Court, The National Assembly, The
Punjab Assembly etc.
• Names of Historical periods
The Middle Ages, The Renaissance Period, The Mughal Period, The Umayyad Period, The
Abbasid Period etc.
10. Proper nouns and adjectives formed from them should be written with capital letter.
Examples
1. Milton………….Miltonic
2. Pope…………..Popean
3. Shakespeare……….Shakespearean
4. Iqbal……………Iqbalian
5. Lahore……….Lahori
6. Chishtian………Chishti
11. The names of books, newspapers, magazines, articles and stories start with capital
letter
Examples
1. The Merchant of Venice, The Sealed Nectar etc.
2. The News, The Pakistan Times, The Dawn etc..
3. The Press Review, The Zindagi, The Economist etc.
4. Train Journey, Felling Trees, Sense of Humour etc.
12. The names of galaxies and planets start with capital letter.
Examples
The Venus, The Saturn, The Mars, The Jupiter, the Milky Way etc.
13. If earth, moon and sun are not used with other planets then they do not start with
capital letter
Examples
The earth revolves around the Sun. (Incorrect)
The earth revolves around the sun. (Correct)
The Sun is rising. (Incorrect)
The sun is rising. (Correct)
14. If the father and mother are directly addressed in sentence, then the father and
mother start with capital letter.
Examples
Father, I have done my duty.
Mother, please give me a cup of tea.
15. If name is written after sister, brother, uncle, aunt then it will be written in capital
letter.
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