1. What is the primary electrolyte imbalance in tumor
lysis syndrome?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hyperuricemia and hyperkalemia
D. Hyponatremia
Answer: C
Rationale: Tumor lysis syndrome involves release of
intracellular ions, causing hyperkalemia,
hyperuricemia, and hyperphosphatemia.
2. Which of the following is a feature of iron
deficiency anemia?
A. Macrocytic RBCs
B. Normocytic RBCs
C. Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs
D. Spherocytes
Answer: C
,Rationale: Iron deficiency leads to smaller, paler red
blood cells.
3. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of gout?
A. Increased calcium deposition in joints
B. Autoimmune destruction of synovial membrane
C. Accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in
joints
D. Bacterial infection of the joint capsule
Answer: C
Rationale: Gout is caused by uric acid crystal
deposition in joints due to hyperuricemia.
4. Which hormone is most deficient in central
diabetes insipidus?
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH (vasopressin)
C. Cortisol
D. Thyroxine
Answer: B
,Rationale: Central DI is due to a deficiency of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to polyuria and
polydipsia.
5. In ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome),
what is the main pathophysiologic problem?
A. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
B. Loss of alveolar surfactant and inflammation
C. Chronic mucus hypersecretion
D. Viral invasion of bronchial epithelium
Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS involves diffuse alveolar damage,
inflammation, and surfactant dysfunction causing
impaired gas exchange.
6. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
which of the following is most accurate?
A. It is reversible
B. It only involves the alveoli
C. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
D. It causes reduced lung compliance
, Answer: C
Rationale: COPD is a combination of chronic
bronchitis and emphysema and is largely
irreversible.
7. A hallmark of acute inflammation is:
A. Fibrosis
B. Caseation necrosis
C. Neutrophil infiltration
D. Granuloma formation
Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first immune cells to
respond in acute inflammation.
8. A hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
is:
A. Elevated TSH
B. Presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies
C. Low platelet count
D. Elevated cortisol
Answer: B
lysis syndrome?
A. Hypokalemia
B. Hypercalcemia
C. Hyperuricemia and hyperkalemia
D. Hyponatremia
Answer: C
Rationale: Tumor lysis syndrome involves release of
intracellular ions, causing hyperkalemia,
hyperuricemia, and hyperphosphatemia.
2. Which of the following is a feature of iron
deficiency anemia?
A. Macrocytic RBCs
B. Normocytic RBCs
C. Microcytic, hypochromic RBCs
D. Spherocytes
Answer: C
,Rationale: Iron deficiency leads to smaller, paler red
blood cells.
3. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of gout?
A. Increased calcium deposition in joints
B. Autoimmune destruction of synovial membrane
C. Accumulation of monosodium urate crystals in
joints
D. Bacterial infection of the joint capsule
Answer: C
Rationale: Gout is caused by uric acid crystal
deposition in joints due to hyperuricemia.
4. Which hormone is most deficient in central
diabetes insipidus?
A. Aldosterone
B. ADH (vasopressin)
C. Cortisol
D. Thyroxine
Answer: B
,Rationale: Central DI is due to a deficiency of
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to polyuria and
polydipsia.
5. In ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome),
what is the main pathophysiologic problem?
A. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
B. Loss of alveolar surfactant and inflammation
C. Chronic mucus hypersecretion
D. Viral invasion of bronchial epithelium
Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS involves diffuse alveolar damage,
inflammation, and surfactant dysfunction causing
impaired gas exchange.
6. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
which of the following is most accurate?
A. It is reversible
B. It only involves the alveoli
C. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
D. It causes reduced lung compliance
, Answer: C
Rationale: COPD is a combination of chronic
bronchitis and emphysema and is largely
irreversible.
7. A hallmark of acute inflammation is:
A. Fibrosis
B. Caseation necrosis
C. Neutrophil infiltration
D. Granuloma formation
Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first immune cells to
respond in acute inflammation.
8. A hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
is:
A. Elevated TSH
B. Presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies
C. Low platelet count
D. Elevated cortisol
Answer: B
