ALCOHOLCONSUMPTIE
ONDER JONGEREN
Alcoholconsumptie onder jongeren en de gevolgen voor de Nederlandse maatschappij in de
toekomst.
LOTTE CATHELIJN VAN DER MEULEN EN ANNE KERKLAAN
PENTA college CSG Jacob van Liesveldt, klas 6AA
Profiel Economie & Maatschappij
Maatschappijleer
Onder begeleiding van mevrouw A.F. Scholten
20 februari 2019
,Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Hoofdvraag: ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Deelvragen: .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Hypothese: ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Interview met verslavingsdeskundige Jeroen Huijsmans ........................................................................ 6
Hypothese .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Huisartsenpraktijk Blankenburg .................................................................................................................... 6
Interview ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Conclusie ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
Deelvraag 1: Wat is alcohol? ................................................................................................................. 9
De opbouw van alcohol ................................................................................................................................. 9
Het maken van alcohol ................................................................................................................................. 9
Alcohol uit vruchtensap en gist ................................................................................................................ 9
Alcohol uit graan ................................................................................................................................... 10
Bier uit gerst.......................................................................................................................................... 10
Sterke drank.......................................................................................................................................... 10
Soorten alcoholische dranken...................................................................................................................... 10
Alcohol in het lichaam................................................................................................................................. 11
De afbraak van alcohol ............................................................................................................................... 11
Deelvraag 2: Op welke wijze is het probleem van alcoholconsumptie onder jongeren ontstaan? ............ 12
Hypothese .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Opvoeding in verband met alcoholgebruik ................................................................................................... 12
Invloed van vrienden op het gebruik van alcohol........................................................................................... 13
Sociale media en alcohol ............................................................................................................................. 13
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 14
Deelvraag 3: Wat maakt alcohol aantrekkelijk voor jongeren? .............................................................. 15
Hypothese .................................................................................................................................................. 15
Ultiem niveau ............................................................................................................................................. 15
Alcoholmaatschappij............................................................................................................................. 15
Reclame sociale media .......................................................................................................................... 16
Distaal niveau............................................................................................................................................. 16
Religieuze participatie ........................................................................................................................... 16
Mening van leeftijdsgenoten ..................................................................................................................17
Algemene normen ................................................................................................................................ 18
2
, Proximaal niveau ........................................................................................................................................ 18
Negatieve gevoelens weg drinken ......................................................................................................... 18
Sociale vaardigheden verbeteren .......................................................................................................... 19
Zich volwassen voelen ........................................................................................................................... 19
Voorkeur voor alcoholische dranken...................................................................................................... 19
Bereikbaarheid van alcoholische dranken.............................................................................................. 19
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 20
Deelvraag 4: Wat zijn de gevolgen van alcoholconsumptie voor jongeren?............................................ 20
Hypothese .................................................................................................................................................. 21
Lichamelijke gevolgen ................................................................................................................................. 21
Hersenen............................................................................................................................................... 21
Lever ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
Maag ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
Hart- en bloedvaten .............................................................................................................................. 23
Kanker .................................................................................................................................................. 23
Calorieën............................................................................................................................................... 23
Seks ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
De effecten van alcohol per glas ............................................................................................................ 24
Spieren.................................................................................................................................................. 25
Kater ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
Geestelijke gevolgen ................................................................................................................................... 25
Sombere gevoelens............................................................................................................................... 25
Maatschappelijke gevolgen ......................................................................................................................... 26
Kosten................................................................................................................................................... 27
Baten .................................................................................................................................................... 27
Alcoholverslaving ....................................................................................................................................... 29
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 29
Documentaire Bezopen!..................................................................................................................... 30
Aflevering 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 30
Aflevering 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 31
Aflevering 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 33
Deelvraag 5: Welk beleid voert de overheid uit tegen alcoholgebruik onder jongeren?........................... 33
Hypothese .................................................................................................................................................. 34
Wetgeving .................................................................................................................................................. 34
Verleden................................................................................................................................................ 34
Heden ................................................................................................................................................... 35
Toekomst ...............................................................................................................................................37
Voorlichting ................................................................................................................................................ 38
Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................... 39
Opinies van politieke partijen en stromingen ................................................................................................ 39
Christen-Democratisch Appèl (CDA) ..................................................................................................... 39
ChristenUnie (CU) ................................................................................................................................. 40
DENK .................................................................................................................................................... 40
Democraten 66 (D66) ............................................................................................................................ 40
Forum voor Democratie (FVD)............................................................................................................... 40
GroenLinks (GL) .................................................................................................................................... 40
3
, Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA).................................................................................................................... 40
Partij voor de Dieren (PvdD) .................................................................................................................. 41
Partij van de Vrijheid (PVV).................................................................................................................... 41
Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (SGP)............................................................................................... 41
Socialistische Partij (SP) ........................................................................................................................ 41
Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (VVD) ...................................................................................... 41
50Plus (50+)........................................................................................................................................... 42
KNMG ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
Effectiviteit ................................................................................................................................................. 42
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 43
Eindoordeel....................................................................................................................................... 43
Nabeschouwing................................................................................................................................. 45
Lotte Cathelijn van der Meulen .................................................................................................................... 45
Anne Kerklaan ............................................................................................................................................ 45
Literatuurlijst .................................................................................................................................... 46
Inleiding ..................................................................................................................................................... 46
Deelvraag 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 46
Deelvraag 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 46
Deelvraag 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 47
Deelvraag 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 48
Deelvraag 5 ................................................................................................................................................ 49
Interview Jeroen Huijsmans ......................................................................................................................... 51
Documentaire Bezopen! .............................................................................................................................. 51
Logboek............................................................................................................................................ 51
Lotte Cathelijn van der Meulen .................................................................................................................... 51
Anne Kerklaan ............................................................................................................................................ 53
4
ONDER JONGEREN
Alcoholconsumptie onder jongeren en de gevolgen voor de Nederlandse maatschappij in de
toekomst.
LOTTE CATHELIJN VAN DER MEULEN EN ANNE KERKLAAN
PENTA college CSG Jacob van Liesveldt, klas 6AA
Profiel Economie & Maatschappij
Maatschappijleer
Onder begeleiding van mevrouw A.F. Scholten
20 februari 2019
,Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 5
Hoofdvraag: ........................................................................................................................................ 5
Deelvragen: .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Hypothese: ................................................................................................................................................... 6
Interview met verslavingsdeskundige Jeroen Huijsmans ........................................................................ 6
Hypothese .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Huisartsenpraktijk Blankenburg .................................................................................................................... 6
Interview ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Conclusie ...................................................................................................................................................... 9
Deelvraag 1: Wat is alcohol? ................................................................................................................. 9
De opbouw van alcohol ................................................................................................................................. 9
Het maken van alcohol ................................................................................................................................. 9
Alcohol uit vruchtensap en gist ................................................................................................................ 9
Alcohol uit graan ................................................................................................................................... 10
Bier uit gerst.......................................................................................................................................... 10
Sterke drank.......................................................................................................................................... 10
Soorten alcoholische dranken...................................................................................................................... 10
Alcohol in het lichaam................................................................................................................................. 11
De afbraak van alcohol ............................................................................................................................... 11
Deelvraag 2: Op welke wijze is het probleem van alcoholconsumptie onder jongeren ontstaan? ............ 12
Hypothese .................................................................................................................................................. 12
Opvoeding in verband met alcoholgebruik ................................................................................................... 12
Invloed van vrienden op het gebruik van alcohol........................................................................................... 13
Sociale media en alcohol ............................................................................................................................. 13
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 14
Deelvraag 3: Wat maakt alcohol aantrekkelijk voor jongeren? .............................................................. 15
Hypothese .................................................................................................................................................. 15
Ultiem niveau ............................................................................................................................................. 15
Alcoholmaatschappij............................................................................................................................. 15
Reclame sociale media .......................................................................................................................... 16
Distaal niveau............................................................................................................................................. 16
Religieuze participatie ........................................................................................................................... 16
Mening van leeftijdsgenoten ..................................................................................................................17
Algemene normen ................................................................................................................................ 18
2
, Proximaal niveau ........................................................................................................................................ 18
Negatieve gevoelens weg drinken ......................................................................................................... 18
Sociale vaardigheden verbeteren .......................................................................................................... 19
Zich volwassen voelen ........................................................................................................................... 19
Voorkeur voor alcoholische dranken...................................................................................................... 19
Bereikbaarheid van alcoholische dranken.............................................................................................. 19
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 20
Deelvraag 4: Wat zijn de gevolgen van alcoholconsumptie voor jongeren?............................................ 20
Hypothese .................................................................................................................................................. 21
Lichamelijke gevolgen ................................................................................................................................. 21
Hersenen............................................................................................................................................... 21
Lever ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
Maag ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
Hart- en bloedvaten .............................................................................................................................. 23
Kanker .................................................................................................................................................. 23
Calorieën............................................................................................................................................... 23
Seks ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
De effecten van alcohol per glas ............................................................................................................ 24
Spieren.................................................................................................................................................. 25
Kater ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
Geestelijke gevolgen ................................................................................................................................... 25
Sombere gevoelens............................................................................................................................... 25
Maatschappelijke gevolgen ......................................................................................................................... 26
Kosten................................................................................................................................................... 27
Baten .................................................................................................................................................... 27
Alcoholverslaving ....................................................................................................................................... 29
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 29
Documentaire Bezopen!..................................................................................................................... 30
Aflevering 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 30
Aflevering 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 31
Aflevering 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 33
Deelvraag 5: Welk beleid voert de overheid uit tegen alcoholgebruik onder jongeren?........................... 33
Hypothese .................................................................................................................................................. 34
Wetgeving .................................................................................................................................................. 34
Verleden................................................................................................................................................ 34
Heden ................................................................................................................................................... 35
Toekomst ...............................................................................................................................................37
Voorlichting ................................................................................................................................................ 38
Behandeling ............................................................................................................................................... 39
Opinies van politieke partijen en stromingen ................................................................................................ 39
Christen-Democratisch Appèl (CDA) ..................................................................................................... 39
ChristenUnie (CU) ................................................................................................................................. 40
DENK .................................................................................................................................................... 40
Democraten 66 (D66) ............................................................................................................................ 40
Forum voor Democratie (FVD)............................................................................................................... 40
GroenLinks (GL) .................................................................................................................................... 40
3
, Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA).................................................................................................................... 40
Partij voor de Dieren (PvdD) .................................................................................................................. 41
Partij van de Vrijheid (PVV).................................................................................................................... 41
Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (SGP)............................................................................................... 41
Socialistische Partij (SP) ........................................................................................................................ 41
Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (VVD) ...................................................................................... 41
50Plus (50+)........................................................................................................................................... 42
KNMG ........................................................................................................................................................ 42
Effectiviteit ................................................................................................................................................. 42
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 43
Eindoordeel....................................................................................................................................... 43
Nabeschouwing................................................................................................................................. 45
Lotte Cathelijn van der Meulen .................................................................................................................... 45
Anne Kerklaan ............................................................................................................................................ 45
Literatuurlijst .................................................................................................................................... 46
Inleiding ..................................................................................................................................................... 46
Deelvraag 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 46
Deelvraag 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 46
Deelvraag 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 47
Deelvraag 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 48
Deelvraag 5 ................................................................................................................................................ 49
Interview Jeroen Huijsmans ......................................................................................................................... 51
Documentaire Bezopen! .............................................................................................................................. 51
Logboek............................................................................................................................................ 51
Lotte Cathelijn van der Meulen .................................................................................................................... 51
Anne Kerklaan ............................................................................................................................................ 53
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