BEDRIJFSECONOMIE
Inhoudsopgave
1 INLEIDING ............................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 ECONOMIE......................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1 CONSUMPTIE VS PRODUCTIE ................................................................................................4
1.1.2 MICRO-, MESO- EN MACRO-ECONOMIE .................................................................................5
1.2 BEDRIJFSECONOMIE ............................................................................................................. 5
2 KOSTEN ................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 DOELSTELLINGEN VAN KOSTENBEREKENING ............................................................................... 5
2.2 SOORTEN KOSTEN NAARGELANG DE PRODUCTIEFACTOR ............................................................... 6
2.2.1 GRONDSTOFFEN EN HULPSTOFFEN ........................................................................................6
2.2.2 LOONKOSTEN ....................................................................................................................6
2.2.3 DIENSTEN VAN DERDEN.......................................................................................................6
2.2.4 KOSTEN VAN KAPITAALGOEDEREN .........................................................................................7
2.2.5 KOSTEN VAN GROND ..........................................................................................................7
2.2.6 BELASTINGEN ....................................................................................................................7
2.2.7 RENTEKOSTEN ...................................................................................................................8
2.3 CONSTANTE EN VARIABELE KOSTEN ......................................................................................... 8
2.4 DE TOTALE OPBRENGSTEN ..................................................................................................... 8
2.5 BREAKEVEN ANALYSE ........................................................................................................... 9
2.5.1 BREAKEVENAFZET ..............................................................................................................9
2.5.2 BREAKEVENOMZET .............................................................................................................9
2.6 DIRECTE EN INDIRECTE KOSTEN ............................................................................................... 9
2.6.1 DIRECT COSTING ..............................................................................................................10
2.6.2 OPSLAGMETHODE ............................................................................................................10
2.6.3 KOSTENPLAATSENMETHODE = INTEGRALE KOSTPRIJSBEREKENING .............................................10
2.6.4 ACTIVITY BASED COSTING (ABC) ........................................................................................10
3 OPBRENGSTEN ...................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................ 11
3.2 PRIJSBELEID DOOR DE OVERHEID ........................................................................................... 11
3.2.1 OVERHEIDSINGRIJPEN OP PRIJZEN .......................................................................................11
3.2.2 PRIJSVORMING BIJ CONCURRENTIE ......................................................................................12
3.2.3 VOLKOMEN CONCURRENTIE ...............................................................................................12
3.2.4 MONOPOLISTISCHE CONCURRENTIE ....................................................................................13
3.2.5 PRIJSZETTING DOOR HET BEDRIJF ........................................................................................13
3.3 PRIJSZETTINGSMETHODES ................................................................................................... 13
3.3.1 YIELD MANAGEMENT = REVENU MANAGEMENT ....................................................................13
3.3.2 COST-PLUS-PRICING .........................................................................................................14
3.3.3 BACKWARD PRICING .........................................................................................................14
1
,3.3.4 PRIJSBEPALING GEBASEERD OP DE VRAAG .............................................................................14
3.4 METING VAN DE PRIJZEN IN BELGIË ....................................................................................... 15
3.5 INFLATIE .......................................................................................................................... 15
4 DE FINANCIËLE ANALYSE VAN EEN BEDRIJF ........................................................................... 16
4.1 DE JAARREKENING ............................................................................................................. 16
4.2 BALANS........................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.1 ACTIVA ..........................................................................................................................16
4.2.2 PASSIVA .........................................................................................................................17
4.3 RESULTATENREKENING ....................................................................................................... 17
4.4 RESULTAATVERWERKING..................................................................................................... 17
4.5 DE BOEKHOUDING ............................................................................................................. 17
4.5.1 VEREENVOUDIGDE BOEKHOUDING ......................................................................................18
4.5.2 VOLLEDIGE BOEKHOUDING ................................................................................................18
4.5.3 OVERZICHT REKENINGCODES IN DE BALANS...........................................................................18
4.5.4 OVERZICHT REKENINGCODES IN DE RESULTATENREKENING ......................................................19
4.6 FINANCIËLE KERNGETALLEN.................................................................................................. 19
4.6.1 NETTOBEDRIJFSKAPITAAL ..................................................................................................19
4.6.2 NETTOBEDRIJFSKAPITAALBEHOEFTE .....................................................................................20
4.6.3 NETTO-THESAURIE ...........................................................................................................20
4.6.4 LIQUIDITEIT.....................................................................................................................21
4.6.5 SOLVABILITEIT .................................................................................................................21
4.6.6 BRUTO TOEGEVOEGDE WAARDE (BRUTOMARGE) ...................................................................22
4.6.7 BRUTO TOEGEVOEGDE WAARDE PER PERSONEELSLID ..............................................................22
4.6.8 RENTABILITEIT .................................................................................................................23
4.6.9 CASHFLOW = KASSTROOM .................................................................................................23
4.6.10 FALINGSPREDICTIE: VERBAND TUSSEN LIQUIDITEIT EN RENTABILITEIT .........................................23
5 FINANCIERING ....................................................................................................................... 24
5.1 PASSIEFZIJDE VAN DE BALANS............................................................................................... 24
5.2 DE GEKOZEN FINANCIERINGSVORM HEEFT GEVOLGEN OP ............................................................ 24
5.3 EIGEN VERMOGEN ............................................................................................................. 24
5.3.1 NOTIONELE INTRESTAFTREK ...............................................................................................24
5.3.2 EFFECT VAN FINANCIERING MET EIGEN VERMOGEN OP DE FINANCIËLE STRUCTUUR ......................25
5.3.3 DURFKAPITAAL EN BUSNESS ANGELS ...................................................................................25
5.3.4 ZELFFINANCIERING ...........................................................................................................26
5.3.5 UITGIFTE VAN AANDELEN VIA DE BEURS ...............................................................................26
5.3.6 QUASI EIGEN VERMOGEN ..................................................................................................26
5.4 VREEMD VERMOGEN OP LANGE TERMIJN ................................................................................ 27
5.4.1 VOORZIENINGEN..............................................................................................................27
5.4.2 INVESTERINGSKREDIET ......................................................................................................27
5.4.3 UITGIFTE VAN OBLIGATIELENINGEN .....................................................................................27
5.5 VREEMD VERMOGEN OP KORTE TERMIJN ................................................................................ 28
5.5.1 KASKREDIET ....................................................................................................................28
5.5.2 STRAIGHT LOAN (VAST VOORSCHOT) ...................................................................................28
5.5.3 LEVERANCIERSKREDIET ......................................................................................................28
5.5.4 ONTVANGEN VOORUITBETALINGEN .....................................................................................28
5.6 LEASING .......................................................................................................................... 28
2
, 5.6.1 FINANCIËLE LEASING .........................................................................................................29
5.6.2 OPERATIONELE LEASING (RENTING) .....................................................................................29
5.6.3 SALE-AND-LEASE-BACK .....................................................................................................29
5.7 FACTORING ...................................................................................................................... 29
5.7.1 FACTORING: DIENSVERLENING ............................................................................................29
5.8 OVERHEIDSSUBSIDIES ......................................................................................................... 30
5.9 CROWDFUNDING............................................................................................................... 30
3
Inhoudsopgave
1 INLEIDING ............................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 ECONOMIE......................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1 CONSUMPTIE VS PRODUCTIE ................................................................................................4
1.1.2 MICRO-, MESO- EN MACRO-ECONOMIE .................................................................................5
1.2 BEDRIJFSECONOMIE ............................................................................................................. 5
2 KOSTEN ................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 DOELSTELLINGEN VAN KOSTENBEREKENING ............................................................................... 5
2.2 SOORTEN KOSTEN NAARGELANG DE PRODUCTIEFACTOR ............................................................... 6
2.2.1 GRONDSTOFFEN EN HULPSTOFFEN ........................................................................................6
2.2.2 LOONKOSTEN ....................................................................................................................6
2.2.3 DIENSTEN VAN DERDEN.......................................................................................................6
2.2.4 KOSTEN VAN KAPITAALGOEDEREN .........................................................................................7
2.2.5 KOSTEN VAN GROND ..........................................................................................................7
2.2.6 BELASTINGEN ....................................................................................................................7
2.2.7 RENTEKOSTEN ...................................................................................................................8
2.3 CONSTANTE EN VARIABELE KOSTEN ......................................................................................... 8
2.4 DE TOTALE OPBRENGSTEN ..................................................................................................... 8
2.5 BREAKEVEN ANALYSE ........................................................................................................... 9
2.5.1 BREAKEVENAFZET ..............................................................................................................9
2.5.2 BREAKEVENOMZET .............................................................................................................9
2.6 DIRECTE EN INDIRECTE KOSTEN ............................................................................................... 9
2.6.1 DIRECT COSTING ..............................................................................................................10
2.6.2 OPSLAGMETHODE ............................................................................................................10
2.6.3 KOSTENPLAATSENMETHODE = INTEGRALE KOSTPRIJSBEREKENING .............................................10
2.6.4 ACTIVITY BASED COSTING (ABC) ........................................................................................10
3 OPBRENGSTEN ...................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 INLEIDING ........................................................................................................................ 11
3.2 PRIJSBELEID DOOR DE OVERHEID ........................................................................................... 11
3.2.1 OVERHEIDSINGRIJPEN OP PRIJZEN .......................................................................................11
3.2.2 PRIJSVORMING BIJ CONCURRENTIE ......................................................................................12
3.2.3 VOLKOMEN CONCURRENTIE ...............................................................................................12
3.2.4 MONOPOLISTISCHE CONCURRENTIE ....................................................................................13
3.2.5 PRIJSZETTING DOOR HET BEDRIJF ........................................................................................13
3.3 PRIJSZETTINGSMETHODES ................................................................................................... 13
3.3.1 YIELD MANAGEMENT = REVENU MANAGEMENT ....................................................................13
3.3.2 COST-PLUS-PRICING .........................................................................................................14
3.3.3 BACKWARD PRICING .........................................................................................................14
1
,3.3.4 PRIJSBEPALING GEBASEERD OP DE VRAAG .............................................................................14
3.4 METING VAN DE PRIJZEN IN BELGIË ....................................................................................... 15
3.5 INFLATIE .......................................................................................................................... 15
4 DE FINANCIËLE ANALYSE VAN EEN BEDRIJF ........................................................................... 16
4.1 DE JAARREKENING ............................................................................................................. 16
4.2 BALANS........................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.1 ACTIVA ..........................................................................................................................16
4.2.2 PASSIVA .........................................................................................................................17
4.3 RESULTATENREKENING ....................................................................................................... 17
4.4 RESULTAATVERWERKING..................................................................................................... 17
4.5 DE BOEKHOUDING ............................................................................................................. 17
4.5.1 VEREENVOUDIGDE BOEKHOUDING ......................................................................................18
4.5.2 VOLLEDIGE BOEKHOUDING ................................................................................................18
4.5.3 OVERZICHT REKENINGCODES IN DE BALANS...........................................................................18
4.5.4 OVERZICHT REKENINGCODES IN DE RESULTATENREKENING ......................................................19
4.6 FINANCIËLE KERNGETALLEN.................................................................................................. 19
4.6.1 NETTOBEDRIJFSKAPITAAL ..................................................................................................19
4.6.2 NETTOBEDRIJFSKAPITAALBEHOEFTE .....................................................................................20
4.6.3 NETTO-THESAURIE ...........................................................................................................20
4.6.4 LIQUIDITEIT.....................................................................................................................21
4.6.5 SOLVABILITEIT .................................................................................................................21
4.6.6 BRUTO TOEGEVOEGDE WAARDE (BRUTOMARGE) ...................................................................22
4.6.7 BRUTO TOEGEVOEGDE WAARDE PER PERSONEELSLID ..............................................................22
4.6.8 RENTABILITEIT .................................................................................................................23
4.6.9 CASHFLOW = KASSTROOM .................................................................................................23
4.6.10 FALINGSPREDICTIE: VERBAND TUSSEN LIQUIDITEIT EN RENTABILITEIT .........................................23
5 FINANCIERING ....................................................................................................................... 24
5.1 PASSIEFZIJDE VAN DE BALANS............................................................................................... 24
5.2 DE GEKOZEN FINANCIERINGSVORM HEEFT GEVOLGEN OP ............................................................ 24
5.3 EIGEN VERMOGEN ............................................................................................................. 24
5.3.1 NOTIONELE INTRESTAFTREK ...............................................................................................24
5.3.2 EFFECT VAN FINANCIERING MET EIGEN VERMOGEN OP DE FINANCIËLE STRUCTUUR ......................25
5.3.3 DURFKAPITAAL EN BUSNESS ANGELS ...................................................................................25
5.3.4 ZELFFINANCIERING ...........................................................................................................26
5.3.5 UITGIFTE VAN AANDELEN VIA DE BEURS ...............................................................................26
5.3.6 QUASI EIGEN VERMOGEN ..................................................................................................26
5.4 VREEMD VERMOGEN OP LANGE TERMIJN ................................................................................ 27
5.4.1 VOORZIENINGEN..............................................................................................................27
5.4.2 INVESTERINGSKREDIET ......................................................................................................27
5.4.3 UITGIFTE VAN OBLIGATIELENINGEN .....................................................................................27
5.5 VREEMD VERMOGEN OP KORTE TERMIJN ................................................................................ 28
5.5.1 KASKREDIET ....................................................................................................................28
5.5.2 STRAIGHT LOAN (VAST VOORSCHOT) ...................................................................................28
5.5.3 LEVERANCIERSKREDIET ......................................................................................................28
5.5.4 ONTVANGEN VOORUITBETALINGEN .....................................................................................28
5.6 LEASING .......................................................................................................................... 28
2
, 5.6.1 FINANCIËLE LEASING .........................................................................................................29
5.6.2 OPERATIONELE LEASING (RENTING) .....................................................................................29
5.6.3 SALE-AND-LEASE-BACK .....................................................................................................29
5.7 FACTORING ...................................................................................................................... 29
5.7.1 FACTORING: DIENSVERLENING ............................................................................................29
5.8 OVERHEIDSSUBSIDIES ......................................................................................................... 30
5.9 CROWDFUNDING............................................................................................................... 30
3
